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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS. CHAPTER 15. What is Epidemiology?. Table 33-1. Epidemiology. What is Epidemiology? Etiology Incidence Prevalence. causation. a/a+b. Epidemiological Terms. Morbidity Mortality. Figure 33-6. Endemic Epidemic. Pandemic Sporadic.

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EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS

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  1. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS CHAPTER 15

  2. What is Epidemiology?

  3. Table 33-1

  4. Epidemiology • What is Epidemiology? • Etiology • Incidence • Prevalence causation a/a+b

  5. Epidemiological Terms • Morbidity • Mortality

  6. Figure 33-6

  7. Endemic Epidemic Pandemic Sporadic Diseases in Populations

  8. Figure 33-2

  9. Incidence Types

  10. Common Source Outbreak Propagated Epidemic Disease Spread

  11. Epidemiologic Studies • Descriptive • Analytical • Experimental

  12. The Basic Triad Of Descriptive Epidemiology THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY: • TIME • PLACE • PERSON

  13. Time • Changing or stable? • Seasonal variation. • Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)? • Point source or propagated.

  14. Place • Geographically restricted or widespread (pandemic)?   • Relation to water or food supply.   • Multiple clusters or one?

  15. Person • Age • Socio-economic status • Gender • Ethnicity/Race • Behavior

  16. The Basic Triad Of Analytic Epidemiology THE THREE PHENOMENAASSESSED IN ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE: HOST AGENT ENVIRONMENT

  17. Agents • Nutrients • Poisons • Allergens • Radiation • Physical trauma • Microbes • Psychological experiences

  18. Host Factors • Genetic endowment • Immunologic state • Age • Personal behavior

  19. Environment • Crowding • Atmosphere • Modes of communication – phenomena in the environment that bring host and agent together, such as: • Vector • Vehicle • Reservoir

  20. Infection Reservoirs • Human • Animal • Non-living

  21. Portals of Entry Microbe Spread

  22. Portals of Exit Microbe Spread

  23. Modes of Disease Transmission • Contact • Vehicles • Vectors

  24. Problems in Disease Transmission • Disease Cycles • Herd Immunity

  25. Controlling Disease Transmission • Biosafety

  26. Public Health Organizations • Center for Disease Control (CDC) • World Health Organization (WHO)

  27. Notifiable Diseases • Definition: • Nationally Notifiable Infectious Diseases

  28. Nosocomial Infections • Sources

  29. Nosocomial Infection Risks • Susceptibility • Transmission • Universal Precautions

  30. Blood- stream infections 14% Figure 33-9 Other 17% Surgical site infections 22% Urinary tract infections 32% Pneumonia 15%

  31. Risks • Equipment/Procedures • Sites of Infection

  32. Bioterrorism

  33. Anthrax

  34. Smallpox

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