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Overview of Industrial Development in the United States (1870-1900): Key Presidents and Changes

This overview examines the transformative era of industrial development in the United States from 1870 to 1900, focusing on the key presidents: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley. Major topics include industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and the rights of minorities. This era witnessed significant shifts in American culture, as well as increased political corruption and economic reforms, laying the groundwork for future progressivism and societal change.

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Overview of Industrial Development in the United States (1870-1900): Key Presidents and Changes

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  1. Era 6 Overview Industrial Development of the United States (1870 – 1900)

  2. Presidents of the Era • Ulysses S. Grant – 1869 - 1877 • Rutherford B. Hayes – 1877 - 1881 • James A. Garfield – 1881 • Chester A. Arthur – 1881 - 1885 • Grover Cleveland – 1885 - 1889 • Benjamin Harrison – 1889 - 1893 • Grover Cleveland (again) – 1893 - 1897 • William McKinley – 1897 - 1901

  3. Era 6 Presidents Ulysses S. Grant 1869 - 1877 Rutherford B. Hayes 1877 - 1881

  4. Era 6 Presidents James A Garfield 1881 Chester A. Arthur 1881 - 1885

  5. Era 6 Presidents Grover Cleveland 1885 - 1889 Benjamin Harrison 1889 - 1893

  6. Era 6 Presidents Grover Cleveland (again) 1893 - 1897 William McKinley 1897 - 1901

  7. Big Topics of Era 6 • Industrialization • Urbanization • Immigration • Minorities in Era 6 • Politics/Economics • Changing American Culture • Westward Expansion • The “New” South • Progressivism

  8. Industrialization – Part 1 • Factors that encourage growth • Natural resources • A growing workforce • Capitalism/entrepreneurship • New Technologies • Electricity • New forms of communication • Steel instead of iron • New forms of transportation • Growth spurs growth

  9. Industrialization – New Technologies

  10. Industrialization – Part 2 • Impact of Industrialization • Beginning of globalization • Changes for society • New ways of thinking about the environment • New Forms of Doing Business • Corporations • Monopolies • Horizontal and vertical integration • The government begins to regulate business • Changes for Workers • New hardships • Labor unions • Labor strikes

  11. Urbanization • Populations shift • People move from the country to the cities • Problems of Urban Life • Tenements • Crime • Fire • Poor water and sanitation

  12. Immigration • “Old” Immigrants – • from Northern/Western Europe • before 1870 • “New” Immigrants – • From Southern/Eastern Europe • After 1870 • Push/Pull factors • What made people want to leave home • What drew people to come here • Americanization and Assimilation

  13. Minorities • African Americans • Lose rights after Reconstruction • Jim Crow Laws enforce segregation • Begin fight for Civil Rights • BTW and W.E.B du Bois

  14. Minorities • Native Americans • Made up of many diverse cultures • Felt threatened by settlers • Clashed with settlers • The government wanted to assimilate them

  15. Minorities • Mexican Americans • Faced discrimination • Fought for land rights • Formed groups to fight for rights

  16. Minorities • Chinese Americans • Faced discrimination • Limits were placed on their immigration • Fought in the courts for rights

  17. Minorities • Women • The early push for the vote • Participation in other reform movements

  18. Politics & Economics • Politics • Ineffective government • Corrupt government • Move for governmental reform • Populist Party (party of the people) • Economics • Tariff question • Currency question – gold or silver? • Farmers • Crop prices fall/debt rises • Farmers form groups to bargain (the Farmer’s Alliance and the Grange)

  19. Changing American Culture – Part 1 • Mass Culture • People become more and more alike • Consumer Culture • People begin to buy more and more manufactured products • New forms of Advertising • Manufacturers began advertising their products and developed logos • Department stores developed and made shopping easier • Newspapers • An inexpensive way to spread information • Supported by businesses who advertised in the papers

  20. Changing American Culture – Part 2 • Literature & Art • Novels became very popular (Horatio Alger & Stephen Crane) • Artists used city life to inspire new work • Education • More and more people could read • Public schools emerged for all (although they were segregated) • New forms of entertainment • Amusement parks, outdoor events, vaudeville shows, & baseball

  21. Westward Expansion • Mining • Mining towns spring up all over • Big companies move in • The Opening of the West • Railroads open the west to business and settlement • Ranchers move in and cattle becomes big business • Farmers move west for free land • All of these groups compete for control of the West

  22. Rail Lines in the US - 1877

  23. The New South • New industries grow • Textile industry • Lumber • Coal/iron/steel processing • Railroads spurred growth of cities • Linked cities between industrial centers • Limited economic growth • Had to repair the damage from the civil war • Spent little on educating the workforce/paid low wages • Few banks had survived the war • Poor conditions for farmers • Needed to diversify what they grew • Relied too much on cotton and other cash crops

  24. Progressivism - Origins • Progressives believed… • Industry and cities cause social problems • That politics needed reform • Cities should be safer and cleaner • Businesses should be regulated by the government • We should help the poor

  25. Muckrakers and Progressive Reforms • Muckrakers • Journalists and writers who wrote about political and social issues to draw attention to them • Ex. Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Upton Sinclair, Frances Ellen Watkins • Progressive Reforms • Settlement houses to help the poor (Jane Addams) • Ending child labor • Improving education • Improving working conditions

  26. Progressives Reform Government • Founded commission style of government • Reformed election rules (direct primary, referendum, recall, initiative) • Created a new style of progressive politician • Teddy Roosevelt • Robert La Follette • Hiram Johnson • Woodrow Wilson

  27. People to Know • Captains of Industry • John D. Rockefeller • Andrew Carnegie • Cornelius Vanderbilt • Alfred V. Du Pont • Social Reformers • Booker T. Washington • W.E.B. Du Bois • Jane Addams • Jacob Riis • Writers • Horatio Alger • Stephen Crane • Mark Twain • Inventors • Thomas Edison • George Pullman • Milton S. Hershey • Alexander G. Bell • Gustavus Swift • Phillip Armour • Elisha Otis • Newspaper Tycoons • Joseph Pulitzer • William R. Hearst

  28. Era 6 Vocabulary • Industrialization • Urbanization • Laissez-Faire • Protective Tariff • Corporation • Monopoly • Horizontal Integration • Vertical Integration • Social Darwinism • Sweatshop • Socialism • Labor union • Immigration • Nativism • New Immigrant • Old Immigrant • Americanization • Suburb • Tenement • Mass Culture • Consumerism • Cash Crop • Reservation • Assimilate • Jim Crow Laws • Spoils System • Populism • Progressivism • Muckraker • Social Gospel • Direct primary • Initiative • Referendum • recall

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