Melissa & Ralph.

1. IMMUNE RESPONES.- First line of defense.- organs and tissues involved In the immune response.- antigens and the major histocompatibility complex.- self and non self. Melissa & Ralph.

2. Expected learning. • - To develop an understanding of how the body protects itself from disease, the immune response, antigens and the major histocompatibility complex. • - To understand the concept of ‘self’ and ‘non self’.

3. WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW. • - What makes up the first line of defense?- Which organs and tissues are involved with the immune response?- Where are antigens found and what do they do?- What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?- How does the body detect self from non self?- True or False. Bacteria can help the human body by out-competing other bacteria. • - True or False. Plants are incapable of releasing chemicals to ward off pathogen. They only rely on stomatal closing and cell wall. • - True or False. Mucus makes you sick. • - Can you give us an example of a lymphoid organ? • - What do we know about the appendix? • - Do we know which biomacromolecule makes up antigens?

4. PART 1: First line of defense

5. First line of defense: Animals • Skin • The skin is considered as the largest organ in the human body which protects us from pathogens and other harmful substances. • The skin is a dry and does not contain any holes (apart from pores). • A breach in the surface of the skin would allow opportunistic pathogens to enter the bloodstream and circulate around the body.

6. Breaches within the skin

7. First line of defense Mucous membrane • The respiratory tract also releases mucous that envelops bacteria. • It is a water-based liquid that contains proteins, carbohydrates, salt and some cells • Some are swallowed while others are projected away via coughing or sneezing. • This protects us from airborne bacteria

8. First line of defense Natural Secretions • The body is capable of releasing chemicals that can counteract pathogens. • The nature of these chemicals is enough to restrain, if not kill the invading pathogen. • They differ from antigens though, for they are a type of non-specific immune response; meaning they are important for different matters but can be also help with immune system.

9. Naturally secreted fluids within the body

10. First line of defense Natural flora (Good Bacteria or probiotics ) • The body acts as host to some good bacteria. Together, they work in unison to benefit one another. • These good bacteria out-competes pathogen in terms of nutrition and space available.

11. Examples of good Bacteria

12. First line of defense: plants Physical Barriers • Cuticle and cell wall – These structures provide a thick barrier for plants, making it difficult for pathogens to penetrate and infest the plant. • Waxy cuticle – The waxy cuticle prevents formation of moisture films on leaf surfaces. • Lenticels • Stomata – Narrow stomatal opening limits bacterial infestation.

13. First line of defense: plants Chemical Barriers • Phytoanticipins – Inhibits the growth of pathogen. • Plant defensins – This protein inhibit pathogens such as fungi, virus, bacteria and insects nutrition and retard their development. • Nutrient Deprivation • Changing leaf surface pH.

14. PART 2: Organs and tissues involved in the immune response

15. What is an Immune response? • An immune response is the body’s way of detecting and defending itself from potentially harmful foreign organisms or substances. • The collection of organs and tissues involved with immune response is collectively known as the ‘Lymphoid System’ • These organs are responsible for the growth, development and the release of special cells called ‘lymphocytes’ which kills pathogens.

16. Adenoids • Adenoids are lumpy clusters of spongy tissue that is located at the back of the nasal cavity and are above the roof of the mouth. • This tissue is responsible for trapping harmful bacteria and viruses the we breathe in or swallow.

17. Appendix • The appendix is a small tube that is connected to our large intestine. • Although most people in the medical profession consider this organ to be ‘useless’, this organ actually assists in the maturation of B lymphocytes and in the production of the class of antibodies known as immunoglobulin A antibodies.

18. Bone marrow • The bone marrow is a soft, fatty tissue found in bone cavities. • A special type of tissue that produces important cells such as B cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes and immature thymocytes, in addition to red blood cells and platelets.

19. Lymph nodes • These are tiny bean-like organs located throughout the body is connected by lymph vessels. • These nodes function as an ‘immunologic’ filter for the bodily fluid known as lymph.

20. Lymph vessels • This serves as the main highway for the lymphocytes • Lymphatic vessels are responsible for draining interstitial fluid from tissues and for transporting immune cells to lymph nodes to maintain the body’s immune surveillance.

21. Spleen • Is a fist-sized organ located at the abdominal cavity. • This organ serves as an immunologic blood filter of the body.

22. Peyer’s patches • This is a lymphoid tissue found in the small intestine. • This tissue interacts with antigens found in the intestine to produce antibodies.

23. Thymus • The thymus are two lobes that join in front of the trachea behind the breast bone. • This organ is responsible for producing T-cells.

24. Tonsils • The tonsils are two oval masses located in the back of the throat. • The tonsils are like the adenoids, they help the body by trapping harmful bacteria and viruses the we breathe in or swallow.

25. PART 3: Antigens. ANTIGENS: Any substance foreign to the body that triggers a response from the immune system, such as producing antibodies in order to neutralise it.- Also known as immunogens- Usually made up of proteins but can be polysaccharides- Found on the surface of all cells, called self antigens or auto antigens- All have unique shapes- A way to remember:antigens = antibody generators- Antibodies are generated to attack thepathogen behind the antigen being detected

26. ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES.

27. ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ys_V6FcYD5I

28. RHESUS COMPATIBILITY. Human blood can be classified as: - Rhesus positive (Rh+)- Rhesus negative (Rh-) Rh+Does have the D antigen on cellsRh-Doesn’t have the D antigen on cells - Significant during pregnancy- If mother and baby are opposite in regards to Rhesus, they’re incompatible- Could result in fatality for the baby- Treated by mother being given injections of the D antigen, also referred to as Anti-D.

29. DETECTING ‘SELF’ AND ‘NON SELF’. SELF: agents belonging to the individualNON SELF: agents belonging to another organism or person (foreign) - All cells in the body have ‘marker proteins’ on the surface, like a chemical signature- There markers carry genetic information- If the genes on a cells plasma membrane match the individual’s genes, the cell is marked as ‘self’ and is then ignored by the B and T cells- If the genes on a cell’s plasma membrane don’t match the individual’s genes, the cell is marked as ‘non self’ - The system which sorts ‘self’ and ‘non self’ cells, is called the MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX

30. THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC) – a genetic system which allows large proteins in the immune system’s cells to identify compatible and foreign agents. - Also known as Human Leukocyte Antigen- The MHC distinguishes ‘self’ from ‘non self’- Plays a key role in immunity - Everyone’s MHC markers are unique as no two individuals have the exact same genetic information- 2 types: MHC class I and MHC class II- MHC class I markers: found on all cells that have a nucleus, except red blood cells- MHC class II markers: found on antigen presenting cells, such as macrophages

31. CLASS I AND II MHC’S.

32. IMPORTANCE OF THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX. TRANSPLANTS AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS. How does the body accept a new heart or some new blood when it doesn’t hold the same genetic information? How is rejection avoided? - Blood and tissue tests are carried out to help in choosing an organ or blood with the most similar genetic information - Immunosuppressant's- Stem cell and/or bone marrow transplants at the same time

33. WHAT WE NOW KNOW. • - What makes up the first line of defense?- Which organs and tissues are involved with the immune response?- Where are antigens found and what do they do?- What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?- How does the body detect self from non self?- True or False. Bacteria can help the human body by out-competing other bacteria. • - True or False. Plants are incapable of releasing chemicals to ward off pathogen. They only rely on stomatal closing and cell wall. • - True or False. Mucus makes you sick. • - Can you give us an example of a lymphoid organ? • - What do we know about the appendix? • - Do we know which biomacromolecule makes up antigens?

34. REFLECTION AND HOMEWORK. - What’s something interesting you learnt today? - Is there anything you still don’t understand? QUICK CHECK 1, 3CHAPTER REVIEW 5, 7, 8 CROSSWORD

35. BIBLIOGRAPHY • Year 12 Biology Textbook • Nelson Biology Units 3&4 – Semple, Borger, Cotton, Duncan, Cunningham, Jackel • BIOL notes – Diane Canavan • http://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/mhc.htmhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/B/B_and_Tcells.html • http://www.cehs.siu.edu/fix/medmicro/mhc.htm • http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/skin_hair/skin_immune_system_003741.htm • http://www.goldbaum.net/balance/Whats_Histamine.html • http://seniorliving.about.com/od/healthnutrition/a/skinanatomy.htm • http://www.geeksaresexy.net/2010/01/27/science-is-sexy-how-does-the-body-defend-against-diseases/ • http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/articles/article/science-of-snot/ • http://www.sinuswars.com/mucus.asp • http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/benefits-of/body-fluids • http://www.livestrong.com/article/419261-role-of-hydrochloric-acid-in-the-stomach/ • http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/84937.php • http://www.greenworldrec.org/TextPage.asp?TxtID=87&SubMenuItemID=153&MenuItemID=52

36. http://kidshealth.org/kid/ill_injure/sick/adenoids.html • http://medicalcenter.osu.edu/patientcare/healthcare_services/infectious_diseases/immunesystem/pages/index.aspx • http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=what-is-the-function-of-t • http://www.thebody.com/content/art1788.html • http://www.medicinenet.com/adenoids_and_tonsils/article.htm • http://steele.mgh.harvard.edu/main/index.php?option=com_content&view=category&layout=blog&id=3&Itemid=29http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-antigen.htm • http://njaffee.wordpress.com/ • http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359034/major • histocompatibility-complex-MHC • http://www.healthline.com/galecontent/major-histocompatibility-complex • http://www.webbooks.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Immune/Antigen.htm • http://thyroid.about.com/library/immune/blimm02.htm • http://health.org/parent/general/body_basics/immune.html • http://www.elasmo-research.org/education/white_shark/immunology.htm • http://www.niaid.nih.gov/topics/immuneSystem/pages/selfnonself.aspx • http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/health/life-extension/4343954 • http://otah2o.wikispaces.com/05+Hematology