1. Renewable feedstocks Thursday 29th October 2009

4. PLATFORM CHEMICALS

5. Adapted from Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, ed. Clark, J.; Deswarte, F. Wiley, 2008

6. Chemicals from Crude oil

7. Brassica Animal feed Food Biofuels • Artemisia Oil • Wheat (straw) Artemisinin Animal feed Food Lignocellulose

8. Lignin Cellulose Cell membrane Hemi-cellulose

9. PHENOLICS FROM ARTEMESIA

10. Flavones Functionalizing Flavones

11. Monomers for polyester formation

12. Monomers for polyether formation Monomers for methacrylate formation

14. PHENOLICS FROM WASTE STRAW

15. Lignin is a major component of plant cell walls Lignin-degrading microbes Bacterial aromatic degraders

16. Assay can distinguish degraders from non-degraders: Time dependence (0-2 hr) Non-degraders Fluorescent Assay for Lignin Degradation Tim Bugg, Paper Submitted to Molecular Biosystems

17. Large Scale Extraction • 1.5 kg (wet) of P.chrysosporium-degraded straw was extracted using 20 L reactor • 12 L of water and 8 L of THF used to extract straw • THF was used due to combination of interesting peaks from LTQ analysis and mass recovered in previous trials 17

18. HPLC traces with time Non-degrader Bacillus subtilis shows no change Degrader Pseudomonas putida

19. GC-MS data for small scale lignocellulose degradation trials GC-MS total ion chromatogram with EI ionisation for Rhodococcus RHA1incubated with wheat straw lignocellulose for 7 days at 30 oC. Mass spectrum of peak at RT 7.02 min, assigned to monosilylated derivative of ketone (1), m/z 268 (M-SiMe3)+, 253 (M-SiMe3-CH3)+.

20. Aromatic metabolites identified (so far)

21. Ferulic acid. 379 papers in 2008-9 on biological activity alone £1 per 1g Anti-oxidant Active breast cancer, liver cancer Active ingredient in anti-ageing creams / plumping creams Carboxy vanillic acid. 0 papers in 2008-9 Potential use as fine chemical building block. Vanillic acid precursor. Diacid for use in polyesters and polyamides

22. Other potential major degradation products-yet to be fully identified from wheat straw No current market. Potential in poly-ethers, -ester or -urethanes Vanillic acid precursor? Diacid for use in polyesters and polyamides Derivative of Gallic acid. Anti-fungal, anti-viral, anti-oxidant. Gallic acid is used in dyes and inks.

23. OIL FROM BRASSICA

24. Natural profiles of some rapeseed oils now available High Erucic High Oleic ’00’ Canola

25. Polyurethanes (polymers)

26. Vegetable Oils as Polymer Feedstocks (monomers) Euphorbia oil Rapeseed oil Hemp Jute

28. WAX FROM WASTE STRAW

29. Wax Extraction - Results It would appear that a higher content is made available by degradation, but it is unknown to the origin of the material.

30. Tungstan mediated fatty acid functionalisation: J. Appl. Poly. Science, In Prep

31. Future work

32. Future work Expand to renewable ’Waste Products’ further down manufacturing line. e.g. food industry, Confectionary Use outputs to make demonstrator pieces for media and industrial dissemination

36. Future work Electrospinning Lignin • Filler in biocomposite structures • May promote resin / matrix adhesion between for natural fibres • Use in electrospun nanofibres • Solutions not ideal for electrospinning • Potential to be co-spun with other polymers (e.g. PVOH) • Degradation products may have beneficial anti-oxidant properties which can be incorporated