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MAKINO Mitsutaku Fisheries Research Agency, Japan mmakino@affrc.go.jp

Community-based Management in Japan: An Overview of the Institutional Framework and Transaction Costs. MAKINO Mitsutaku Fisheries Research Agency, Japan mmakino@affrc.go.jp. Contents. Historical Overview of Japanese Fishery Management Regime

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MAKINO Mitsutaku Fisheries Research Agency, Japan mmakino@affrc.go.jp

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  1. Community-based Management in Japan:An Overview of the Institutional Framework and Transaction Costs MAKINO Mitsutaku Fisheries Research Agency, Japan mmakino@affrc.go.jp

  2. Contents • Historical Overview of Japanese Fishery Management Regime (esp. changes in the formal institution after the modernization). • Brief Analysis of Fisheries Transaction Costs in Kanagawa Prefecture (including the cost sharing btw. Local Fishermen and Government) Background paper: Marine Policy 29: 441-450 (2005)

  3. Early Feudal Era(- about 1700) • Coastal waters were considered to be extensions of the land, and coastal villages were responsible for establishing rules governing local resource use (i.e. communal ownership of coastal area/resource). • Offshore areas are basically open access.

  4. Later Feudal Era(about 1700 – 1868) • Labor-intensive and capitalized fisheries developed ( beach seine fisheries, large set-net fisheries) A few fishermen monopolized coastal fishery. • At the Offshore area, large-scale fisheries operators established their own guilds and made rules, protected by feudal loads.

  5. Modernization Period(1868-1900) • In 1854, Japan abolished the national seclusion policy of 200 years, and feudal era ended in 1868 . • New government carried out dramatic modernization of institutional framework • As for Fishery, introduction of Top-Down, centralized license system in 1875, and dissolved into chaos, like civil war.

  6. Meiji Fishery Law1901 - 1945 • First law that put fishing rights and licenses in a statutory form. • Rights were granted to local fishermen’s organizations and individuals. • The nature of rights was property rights. Esp. after the amendment in 1910, exclusive real rights. • The concentration of the fishing rights to a few big right holders.

  7. Fishery Reform after the WWII (1945-1949) • Under the Allied Occupation, sweeping changes in national institutional framework (e.g., current constitution). • Allied Power requested democratization of the fishery. • To cope with domestic food shortages, and to improve the economic status of the fishermen actually engaged in fishery operations.

  8. The Current Fishery Law(1949-) • The fundamental concept (Section 1 of the law) is “the multiple utilization of sea areas”. • To arrange and coordinate various fishing operations using fishing rights/licenses with designated area, gear, and species. • Fishing rights are not exclusive real rights, but limited real rights (non-transferable). • Various levels and scales of coordinating organizations have been instituted.

  9. Coordinating Organizations ( Since 2001 ) Formal organizations Informal Org.

  10. Recent Legislation and Amendments • In 1990, Resource Management Agreement System(i.e.official support system for resource management by FMOs) • TAC(since 1997 for 7 species) and TAE(since 2001) • In 2001, Basic Law on Fisheries Policy:

  11. Brief Analysis of Transaction Costs : Case of Kanagawa Prefecture • Coastal and Offshore fishery • Production: $84,600,000 (in 2001). • More than 3000 vessels are operating.

  12. The Role of Local Government • Responsible for the administrative procedure, and give scientific and legal advice. • 132 staff in Prefectural fisheries division. (85 of them are for research) • Only one policing boat (34t, 5 crews) • Annual budget: $58,100,000 (including personnel expenses. About 0.4% of the prefecture total budget.)

  13. Expenses by Kanagawa Pref. 10% 0.6% 2.9% 71%

  14. Expenses by Local Fishermen • Payment to local Fisheries Cooperative Associations as Membership fees or service charges: $6,768,000.(about 8%) • 24 local FCAs in Kanagawa Pref. (186 personnel) • Local FCAs are responsible for making FCA regulations, catch record management, and offer support for FMO rule-making, etc.

  15. Fisheries Transaction Costs in Kanagawa Pre. ($1000)

  16. Some Emerging Issues • Entry barrier and competitiveness • Governance of Multiple Coastal Use (esp. Recreational Use and Public Involvement) • Environmental Stewardship • Coastal Ecosystem Management (esp. Marine Protected Areas)

  17. TAC species • Saury (Cololabis saira) • Walleye pollack (Theragra chalcogramma) • Jack mackerel ( Trachurus japonicus) • Spotlined sardine (Sardinops melanostictus) • Chub Mackerel (Scomber japonicus, S.australasicus) • Sagittated calamary (Todarodes pacificus) • Snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio)

  18. Infrastructure Constructions • Infrastructure costs is not Transaction Cost • Shared with distant water fishery (and recreational uses) • It should be examined more detail, including its necessities • If included, B/A = 0.76, D/C = 0.12. ( operational costs for fishing households are not included)

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