The Civil War & Reconstruction 1860 – 1877 Part 1

1. The Civil War & Reconstruction1860 – 1877Part 1 AP U.S. HistoryMrs. Michaud

2. Causes of the Civil War • Civil War - (1861-1865) • The Civil War was fought between Northern states & Southern states. South used slave labor for plantation economy. The North had industries & less dependent on slavery. • Primary issues were states rights & slavery.

3. States’ Rights – 1832 Nullification Crisis South Carolina nullified (declared illegal) a federal law (a tariff [tax on imported goods]) within their state. Many southerners believed a state should have the right to secede (formally withdraw) from the Union if not allowed to nullify a federal law. Vice President John C. Calhoun (from SC), argued that the U.S. Constitution was established by 13 sovereign states, therefore each state had the right to determine whether acts of Congress were constitutional. Eventually, tariffs were gradually lowered & secession was averted. Later, Southerners saw conflict over slavery as a states’ rights issue. New U.S. territories should determine for themselves on legality of slavery. South feared balance between slave states and free states would be gone, threatening southern way of life. John C. Calhoun Causes of the Civil War

4. Causes of the Civil War • Slavery in the Territories • During the 1800s, northern states & southern states constantly debated over the admission of new territories as slave states or free states. • Missouri Compromise (1820-1821) • Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine admitted as a free state. • Louisiana territory split into two parts – slavery permitted in areas south of 36-30 north latitude (except Missouri).

5. Causes of the Civil War • Wilmot Proviso, 1848: • Proposed law sought Mexican Cession free of slavery • Supported by northern Free-soilers and abolitionists; passed by House of Representatives • Blocked in Congress by Southern senators • Significance: Wilmot Proviso brought slavery into the forefront of American politics until the Civil War. • "Popular Sovereignty" emerged as a way to avoid the issue. • Definition: Sovereign people of a territoryshould decide for themselves the status of slavery. • Supported by many because it appealed to democratic tradition of local rights. -- Politicians saw it as a viable compromise between extending slavery (Southern view) and banning it (northern Whig view). • Popular Sovereignty proved inadequate in averting a civil war.

6. Causes of the Civil War • Free-Soil Party • Coalition of northern antislavery Whigs, Democrats, & Liberty Party in North • Supported Wilmot Proviso; against slavery in the territories -- "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men.” • Sought federal aid for internal improvements; free govt homesteads for settlers. • Martin Van Buren nominated as presidential candidate in 1848 election (lost to Whig candidate Zachary Taylor) • Party foreshadowed emergence of Republican party 6 years later.

7. Causes of the Civil War • Slavery in the Territories (cont.) • Compromise of 1850 • California admitted to Union as a free state. • South got a more effective fugitive slave law. • Popular sovereignty (right to vote for or against slavery) in Utah and New Mexico territories.

8. Causes of the Civil War • Slavery in the Territories (cont.) • Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) • Repealed Missouri Compromise and established popular sovereignty in Kansas-Nebraska territory. Kansas would presumably become slave; Nebraska free • “Bleeding Kansas” - bloody violence broke out in Kansas as pro-slavery and abolitionist groups raced to populate the region. • Pro-slavery forces crossed border from Missouri into Kansas to vote illegally in election. Won, and passed a series of proslavery acts. • Anti-slavery forces furious, set up rival govnt in Topeka. • Republican party formed in response to Kansas-Nebraska Act. • Abraham Lincoln came out of political retirement and ran for the Senate. • Became nation’s 2nd major political party overnight. • Republican party not allowed in the South • Considered by historians to be main short-term cause of Civil War.

9. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

10. Causes of the Civil War • Resistance to Slavery • William Lloyd Garrison • From Massachusetts, most radical white abolitionist. Called for immediate emancipation in his newspaper, The Liberator. Appealed to end slavery on moral grounds & opposed violence. 75% of subscribers were black.

11. Causes of the Civil War • Resistance to Slavery • Frederick Douglass • Escaped from slavery & became most prominent black abolitionist. Started own newspaper, The North Star. Called for an end to slavery by any means necessary.

12. Causes of the Civil War • Resistance to Slavery • Turner’s Rebellion (1831) • Virginia slave Nat Turner led most prominent slave rebellion in South. With group of over 50 slaves, killed about 60 whites on Virginia plantations. • In South, rebellion led to tighter restrictions on slaves. In North, abolitionists argued only way to prevent slave revolts was emancipation.

13. Causes of the Civil War • Resistance to Slavery • Underground Railroad (1850 – 1860) • System of escape routes & secret network of people who would help fugitive slaves on their way to freedom in the North or Canada. • Harriet Tubman – born a slave in Maryland, later escaped to freedom. Most famous “conductor” of Underground Railroad, helped over 300 slaves escape to freedom. • 40,000 – 100,000 total slaves escaped via Underground Railroad.

14. Causes of the Civil War • Resistance to Slavery • Harriet Beecher Stowe: Uncle Tom’s Cabin(1852) • Novel portrayed to the North the evils of slavery by focusing on the splitting of slavefamilies & the physical abuse of slaves. • Inspired by the Fugitive Slave Law • Stowe influenced by the evangelism of the 2nd Great Awakening • Best seller of all time in proportion to population. • Extremely popular in Britain & France • Had more social impact than any other novel in U.S. History • Lincoln when introduced to her in 1862: "So you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war." • The abolitionist movement grew • South condemned it as an attack on their lifestyle

15. Dred Scott v. Sanford (March 6, 1857) • Dred Scott lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. --Backed by abolitionists, he sued for freedom on basis that he lived on free-soil. • Chief Justice RogerB. Taney (pro-slavery) wrote opinion. • Supreme Court Decision: • Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen and could not sue in federal courts. • Slaves were property, and could not be taken away from owners without due process of law. As private property (5th Amendment) slaves could be moved into any territory. • The Missouri Compromise was ruled unconstitutional; Congress could not forbid slavery in territories even if states wanted to. (KS-NB Act had already done this) • Impact: • Northerners & Republicans furious – undermined popular sovereignty, and felt Southerners had too much influence on national government (most Sup. Crt. Justices were Southern). • Southerners happy – permitted extension of slavery.

16. Resistance to Slavery • John Brown’ attack on Harper’s Ferry (1859) • Brown seized federal arsenal at Harper’s Ferry • Brown’s scheme: Raid federal arsenal, secretly invade the South, give slaves arms, create slave rebellion, establish a kind of black free state. • Brown and his followers failed - were hanged after their trial. • Brown became a martyr in the North • Effects: • Brown seen as an agent of northern abolitionism & anti-slavery conspiracy. • Southern states began to organize militias for protection against future threats. -- Essentially, this was the beginning of the Confederate army. • Perhaps most immediate cause of secession besides Lincoln’s election .

17. Causes of the Civil War • Lincoln is Elected President (1860) • Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln. Moderate, wanted to halt further spread of slavery. • Lincoln did not even appear on ballot in most southern states, but won presidency anyway. • Angry Southern states begin to secede from the Union. • Seceded southern states banned together to form the Confederacy and elected Jefferson Davis as president. • Even drew up own constitution similar to U.S. Constitution, but added provision protecting slavery in new territories.

18. The Civil War & Reconstruction1860 – 1877Part 2 AP U.S. HistoryMrs. Michaud

19. Civil War Map1861 - 1865

20. Civil War • Lincoln’s First Inaugural Address • Vowed to preserve the Union; to “hold, occupy, and possess” Federal property in the South • Attack on Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861) • Located at mouth of Charleston Harbor, Ft. Sumter was one of the two last remaining federal forts in the South. • Lincoln told supplies to the fort would soon run out and fort would be forced to surrender. • Lincoln notified South Carolinians of an expedition to send supplies to the fort, not to reinforce it with men or weapons • April 12: Fort Sumter was bombarded by more than 70 Confederate cannon • Signaled the beginning of the Civil War

21. Civil War • Effects of Ft. Sumter Attack • Lincoln called for volunteers, in response • Before the attack , many northerners felt that South had the right to secede and should not be forced to stay. • Attack on Sumter provoked the North to fight for their honor and the Union. • Lincoln’s strategy paid off; South was seen as the aggressors while the North was seen as the victim.

22. Civil War • The Border Slave States (MO, KY, MD, later WV) • Remained in the Union since North did not start the war • Crucial to Union cause; sent 300,000 soldiers to Union Army • West Virginia left Virginia in mid-1861 to join the Union; large “mountain white” population • Politically, Lincoln had to keep border states in mind when making public statements • Declared primary purpose of the war was to preserve the Union at all costs. • Declared North was not fighting to free the slaves. • Emancipation edict would have driven border states to the South. • Lincoln heavily was criticized by abolitionists who saw him as a sell-out.

23. Civil War • Southern Advantages • Advantage of a defensive war strategy & knowledge of the land (most battles would be fought in South): only needed a stalemate, not outright victory • Until emancipation proclamations of 1862 & 1863, many felt South had the superior moral cause, slavery notwithstanding. • Fought for self-determination, its culture, its homeland & freedoms (for whites) • Confederate army had superb military officers • Robert E. Lee: one of greatest military leaders in U.S. history • Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson • Lee’s chief lieutenant and premier cavalry officer. • Southern men made strong cavalry and infantrymen Stonewall Jackson & Robert E. lee

24. Civil War • Northern Advantages • Larger Population of 22 million (including border states) • South only had 9 million people including 3.5 million slaves • Union Army’s numerical advantages over Lee were 3 to 2 or even 3 to 1 • Union had 3/4 of the nation’s wealth • Overwhelming superiority in manufacturing, shipping, and banking. • North had 75% of nation’s railroads and could easily repair and replace rails • Union controlled the sea through its blockade of Southern ports. • Ideal of Union aroused the North against South; “Union Forever” • Significant in keeping border states & upper Mississippi states from seceding. • Cry for Union gave North strong moral issue until emancipation of slaves was added to it later.

25. Civil War • Confederate Chances for Victory? • Lack of significant industrial capacity a crucial disadvantage as the South was primarily agricultural • As the war dragged on, severe shortages of shoes, uniforms, and blankets adversely impacted Rebel soldiers. • Railroads were cut or destroyed by the Union Army. • South didn't get its much-needed foreign intervention • Confederates might have won if: • 1. one or more border states had seceded • 2. upper Mississippi Valley states (Border States) had turned against the Union • 3. Northern public opinion demanded a peace treaty • 4. England & France broke the Union blockade and recognized the Confederacy.

26. Civil War • European Diplomacy during the War • Aristocracies of England, France, Austria-Hungary supported the Confederate cause. • Democracy hated by aristocracies; the Union was a symbol of democracy • Europeans sold weapons, warships and supplies to the Confederates. • British industrial & commercial centers wanted an independent Confederacy • a. Wanted safe cotton supply without Union’s blockade or interference • b. British shippers & manufacturers could bypass Union tariffs.

27. Civil War • Emancipation Proclamation (1863) – • Issued by Lincoln (after Union victory at Antietam)- freed slaves in the rebelling states only. • Initially a military move to get South to rejoin Union – did not work. • Later, was the catalyst for Congress to pass 13th amendment, officially ending slavery. • Proclamation also opened Union army to blacks, who enlisted in large numbers.

28. Civil War • Gettysburg Address(November 1863) • Established Declaration of Independence as document of founding law • Equality became supreme commitment of the federal government • Established idea of nation over union • -- United States is a free country; NOT United States are a free country. • Most Americans today accept Lincoln’s concept of America • Attracted relatively little attention at the time but became one of most important speeches in world history.

29. Civil War • Confederate defeats at Gettysburg & Vicksburg (1863) • Key battles hurt South. Confederacy lost much of its soldiers & was low on supplies. • End of Civil War • Confederate General Robert E. Leesurrendered to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House April 9, 1865. • North won Civil War.

30. Lee’s Surrender to GrantAppomattox Court HouseApril 9, 1865

31. Lincoln’s Assassination • April 14, 1865 – President Lincoln shot at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. by southern sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. • Became an instant martyr • First U.S. president to be assassinated

32. Reconstruction • Reconstruction (1865-1877) • Period during which the U.S. began to rebuild the South after the Civil War. • Process federal govnt used to re-admit southern states to the Union. • Lincoln’s 10% Plan • Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South. • He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction. • Pardon to all but the highest ranking military & civilian Confederate officers. • When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, the state would be recognized. • States could then send Representatives & Senators to Congress. • Arkansas, Tennessee, Louisiana, Virginia accepted plan.

33. Reconstruction Charles Sumner Thaddeus Stevens • Radical Republicans • Led by Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts & Thaddeus Stevens of Pennsylvania. • Wanted to destroy political power of former slaveholders, also grant African-Americans full citizenship & right to vote. • Helped to pass 13th, 14th, 15th amendments.

34. Reconstruction • 13th Amendment • Ratified in 1865, it outlawed slavery in the U.S. and its territories. • 14th Amendment • All people born or naturalized in U.S. are citizens and equally protected by our laws. (Granted former slaves citizenship – intended to overrule Dred Scott decision). • 15th Amendment • Gave black males the right to vote (could not be kept from voting based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude).

35. Reconstruction • Johnson’s Plan for Reconstruction • Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they could apply directly to Johnson) • EFFECTS: • 1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates. • 2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations. • 3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!

36. Reconstruction • Freedmen’s Bureau • Established by Congress in 1865 to provide food, clothing, hospitals, legal protection for former slaves and poor whites in the South. • Many former northern abolitionists risked their lives to help southern freedmen.

37. “Plenty to eat and nothing to do.” Freedmen’s Bureau Seen Through Southern Eyes

38. Freedmen’s Bureau School

39. Reconstruction • Scalawags & Carpetbaggers • Three groups constituted new Republican party in South – Carpetbaggers, Scalawags, African-Americans. • Scalawags – white southerners who joined Republican party (often small farmers who did not want planter elite to regain power). • Carpetbaggers – Northerners who moved to the South after Civil War (often had $ money, bought southern land cheaply).

40. Reconstruction • Black Codes • Designed to regulate affairs of freedmen (as the slave statutes did pre-Civil War.) • Purpose: Guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated & Restore pre-emancipation system of race relations (as far as possible) • Freedom recognized and marital rights granted but few other rights given • Forbade blacks to serve on juries or testify against whites. • Some forbade blacks from renting or leasing land. • Blacks not allowed to vote • "Vagrancy" -- "Idle" blacks could be sentenced to work on a chain gang. • Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers (tenant farmers). • Result:Many blacks sank to level of indentured servitude where generations remained on one plot of land, indebted to the plantation owner.

41. Reconstruction • Sharecropping & Tenant Farming • Poor blacks & poor whites often worked on farms after war. • Sharecropping – landowners gave sharecroppers few acres of land and tools, kept small share of crops and gave rest to landowner. • Tenant farming – croppers who saved a little could rent land for cash and keep all of their crops.

42. Reconstruction • Rise of the Ku Klux Klan • Essentially a rebellion against ‘radical’ rule; terror wing of Democratic party. • Goal: Overthrow Reconstruction governments in the South and replace them withwhite supremacy -oriented Democratic government. • Used terrorism to intimidate blacks, Carpetbaggers, Scalawags • Effective in many areas for discouraging blacks from attaining their rights. • Succeeded in decimating Republican organization in many localities. -- In response, new southern governments looked to federal gov't for survival. • Force Acts of 1870 and 1871(also called Enforcement Acts) -- also called the "KKK Act" • Federal troops were sent to quell the KKK’s intimidation while terrorist groups were outlawed. -- Significance: 1st time federal gov’t protected individuals, not local authorities (Moderately successful in destroying the KKK)

43. Reconstruction • Rise of the Solid South • White supremacist Solid South dominated by Democrats in each state. • Remaining Republican govt’s in South collapsed • Republican party dead in South for about 100 years. • "The Lost Cause": Southern resentment and humiliation lasted generations. -- Resulted in increased violence and discrimination toward blacks

44. Reconstruction Ends (1877) • Hayes – Tilden Compromise - Southern Democrats in Congress agreed to accept Rutherford Hayes in a close presidential election if federal troops were withdrawnfrom the South. Reconstruction had come to an end. • After Reconstruction… • Southern states began to pass laws to strip African-Americans of their newly won rights. Segregation laws (called Jim Crow laws) would become a way of life in the South for the next 90 years…