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Civil War and Reconstruction. 1861-1877. GPS Standards.
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Civil War and Reconstruction 1861-1877
GPS Standards • SS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War.a. Identify Uncle Tom's Cabin and John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry and explain how each of these events was related to the Civil War.b. Discuss how the issues of states' rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South.c. Identify major battles and campaigns: Fort Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Appomattox Court House.d. Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.e. Describe the effects of war on the North and South.
Your essential questions • What were the causes of the Civil War? • What were the major events of the Civil War? • What problems arose during the Reconstruction Era?
The causes of the Civil War • Sectionalism – being divided into sections. The United States was divided into three sections based on beliefs, economic ways of life, and cultural ways of life. • The United States was divided into the North, South, and West.
Sectionalism • This word refers to feeling more loyal to your section of the country (north, south, or west) than to the country itself!!
Three Sections • North– main jobs were in manufacturing, shipping, fishing, and small farms. The north favored high tariffs (taxes) • South – most white people in the South did NOT own slaves. The economy was based on profit from slave labor on plantations to grow cotton, rice, and indigo (a blue dye) that was sold to the Northeast and England. The south opposed (were against) tariffs on manufactured goods. • West – (today known as the Midwest) became the nation’s “breadbasket”, growing and shipping grain to the North and the South.
States’ Rights • The belief that individual states can make their own decisions about most issues, like slavery. • Many Southerners believed that each state still had the power to reject federal law or even to leave the Union if it wished. • Most Northerners believed that the Union was the work of the people and that individual states did not have the right to leave it! • What do you think are some arguments for and against states’ rights???
Slave States Territories Slave States Free States
The Nation Heads for War!!! • In 1819, there were an equal number of free states and slaves states in the Union. Since everything was equal, there was no problem. • But, what happens if another state enters the Union as either a free or slave state? Wouldn’t that create a problem? What problem do you think that created? • Well, if a state entered as a free state, then the power would be with the North and the free states. They would have one more vote in Congress for freedom of slaves. If a state entered the Union as a slave state, then the power would be with the South and the slave states. They would have one more vote in Congress for allowing slavery.
Missouri Compromise of 1820 • The Missouri Compromise was a deal that Congress made with the states that there would be an invisible line drawn through the Louisiana Territory. All states north of that would be free – EXCEPT MISSOURI!! It would be a slave state. Missouri was then allowed into the Union as a slave state and Maine was allowed into the Union as a free state. This then kept the balance that was created.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • This law requires police in free states to help capture slaves escaping from slave states. • What kinds of problems could this create?
Another Compromise!!! • Once again there was a fight over balance of power. The United States gained Texas, New Mexico, and California from Mexico in 1848. Would these states be free states or slave states? What would that do to the balance of power?
Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay (who also created the Compromise of 1820) suggested that in order to keep the balance of power, California would enter the Union as a free state – this would benefit the North. In return, the North would have to obey the Fugitive Slave Law and help return escaping slaves to the South. • The other territories that has been gained from Mexico (Texas and New Mexico) would decide for themselves whether they would allow slavery. • This Compromise took 6 months, but eventually it was accepted by Congress.
Bleeding Kansas • In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed. • It allowed those people living in Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether they wanted to allow slavery. • Both territories were north of the Missouri Compromise Line.
Kansas-Nebraska Act • Slave owners were pleased because now they were allowed to own slaves in both Kansas and Nebraska. • Northern farmers who were against slavery and were looking to move west (like in Hattie’s Birthday Box), were opposed to this act. They worried that the Southerners would buy all the best land and use slaves to farm it. • The Republican party was eventually formed from all the abolitionists that wanted to end slavery.
Kansas-Nebraska Act • Abraham Lincoln, a lawyer from Illinois, was one of the Republicans that opposed slavery. • He predicted violence between the Northerners and the Southerners. • Violence soon broke out between the free soilers and the slave owners in Kansas. Buildings were burned and people were killed. • The newspapers referred to the territory as “Bleeding Kansas”.
Is This Fair??? • In 1856, a black woman named Biddy Mason was awarded her freedom after living in California for 3 years. • In 1857, Dred Scott also tried to get his freedom awarded. He had lived in a free territory as well. • The Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott.
Dred Scott Decision • The Dred Scott Decision stated that slaves were property. • The Constitution said that citizens are allowed to take their property, including slaves, anywhere. • WERE THEY SERIOUS???
Dred Scott Decision • The Supreme Court also decided that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. • According to the Supreme Court, it was unconstitutional because if Congress made certain states “free”, then slave owners would not be able to move their property to the “free” states. • Some Northern states passed resolutions that the Dred Scott Decision was not a law in their states and it did not have to be obeyed.
A Quick Review • Remember that for the nation to finally come to war took a LONG time!!! • By now you should know these events or terms and how they eventually led to the Civil War: sectionalism, the increase in slavery, states’ rights, westward expansion, the Compromise of 1820 and 1850, the Underground Railroad, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, the Dred Scott Decision.
Slavery • Eli Whitney invented a product called the cotton gin in 1793. The cotton gin allowed workers to remove the seeds from the type of cotton grown in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana. • How do you think the cotton gin affected the demand for slave labor? • It increased the demand, so that more cotton could be picked and sold. This means more money for the farmers and plantation owners!
Nat Turner • Nat Turner was a slave in Virginia. • He led a slave rebellion that was the spark that started the Civil War. • His rebellion included many slaves and other free blacks. • They went from house to house, freeing the slaves and killing the slave owners. • He and his rebellion killed 55 men, women, and children by the time all was done.
Slave Codes • Slave codes were laws passed in North America to regulate any state of subjection to a force, and were abolished after the U.S. Civil War. Slave codes were long criticized by abolitionists for their brutality.
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 • This law requires police in free states to help capture slaves escaping from slave states. • What kinds of problems could this create?
Underground Railroad • The Underground Railroad was not a real railroad or underground. It was a network of people that allowed slaves to stay at their houses, feed them, clothe them, etc. as they escaped slavery. Many people had hidden places in their houses or on their land where slaves could hide if the house was searched.
Cupboard of Gettysburg, PA house Slaves created very unique ways of freeing themselves; rumor has it that this man shipped himself to the north in a box in order to escape slavery. Underground Railroad routes Harriett Tubman
Freedom Stories • First Stop on the Flight to FreedomFor escaping slaves, the candle in Rev. John Rankin's window was a true beacon of hope. Slaves who made it across the Ohio River climbed the long, rickety stairway to Rankin's safe house in Ripley, Ohio. One of the most active conductors on the Underground Railroad, Rankin, along with his wife and children, helped hundreds of slaves seek freedom from 1822 to 1865. Rankin's home also was a frequent stop for abolitionists; while visiting, Harriet Beecher Stowe is said to have heard a story that inspired her landmark antislavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Some of the stops on the Underground Railroad The John Brown cabin in New York state The Nathan Thomas house in Schoolcraft, MI Levi Coffin house in Fountain City, IN Second Baptist Church of Detroit, MI Eleutherian College in Lancaster, IN
Harriet Beecher Stowe house in Cincinnati, OH Harriet Tubman with a group of newly freed slaves Reward poster – these were placed all over the country.
How Women Helped • In July, 1848, there was a convention in New York state. • Women, who were often not free themselves, fought to end slavery. • This was the birth of the feminist movement. This movement eventually led to women having the right to vote.
Abolitionists • Abolitionists are people that want to ABOLISH (make illegal) slavery. They think it is wrong and want to end it. • One of the most influential abolitionists was Harriet Beecher Stowe. She wrote a book called Uncle Tom’s Cabin. This book told about all the evils of slavery.
William Lloyd Garrison • A famous abolitionist • He started the newspaper called “The Liberator”. • He was a white man who did not agree with slavery and fought to end it.
Sojourner Truth • Sojourner Truth was a former slave that traveled the country speaking out against slavery. • She wanted a peaceful end to slavery.
Frederick Douglass • One of the most well known abolitionist speakers. • He was a runaway slave. • He spoke all around the country, trying to get slavery abolished.
Raid on Harper’s Ferry • In 1859, John Brown, an abolitionist, started a slave revolt. • He went to Harper’s Ferry and got a bunch of weapons that were being stored by the federal government. • He was going to pass out weapons and start a rebellion. • His plan did not work, however. • He was arrested, tried, found guilty of treason, and hanged. • This event created a lot of fear that Northerners wouldn’t stop at anything to abolish slavery!
A New President • In 1860, Republican presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln was elected president. • He promised to leave slavery alone even though he was against it, just so the Union would stay together. • But, the Southern states were afraid that he would abolish slavery anyways. • South Carolina was the first of the Southern states to actually vote to leave the Union in December, 1860.
Secession • After South Carolina seceded, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed South Carolina’s lead and also left the Union. They formed the Confederate States of America South Carolina’s Congress that voted to secede.
Succession! Confederate White House
State Congress This page and the following page include actual newspaper covers from a newspaper called “Harper’s Weekly”. Five of the states that seceded were featured on the front of this newspaper. This cover happens to show the Georgia Congress that voted to secede.
State Congress Mississippi Alabama
Confederate States of America • The Confederate States of America was created when the Southern states seceded. • They created a • constitution. • They elected a • president, • named • Jefferson Davis.
Jefferson Davis President Jefferson Davis and Vice President Alexander Stephens Inauguration of Jefferson Davis
And the Civil War begins…. • The Union was now divided. • In April 1861, Lincoln, wanted to keep the Union together (or at least put it back together). • In South Carolina, the Confederates wanted to take down the American flag and put up the Confederate flag.
