Civil War and Reconstruction

1. Civil War and Reconstruction

2. Standards: SS5H1 The student will explain the causes, major events, and consequences of the Civil War. a. Identify Uncle Tom’s Cabin and John Browns raid on Harper’s Ferry and explain how each of these events related to the Civil War. b. Discuss how the issues of states’ rights and slavery increased tensions between the North and South. c. Identify major battles and campaigns: Ft. Sumter, Gettysburg, the Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and the Appomattox Court House. d. Describe the roles of Abraham Lincoln, Robert E. Lee, Ulysses S. Grant, Jefferson Davis, and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson. e. Describe the effects of the war on the North and South SS5H2 The student will analyze the effects of Reconstruction on American Life a. Describe the purpose of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendment. b. Explain the work of the Freedmen’s Bureau c. Explain how slavery was replaced by sharecropping and how African Americans were prevented from exercising their newly won rights; include discussion of Jim Crow laws and customs.

3. Important People: • Why was Harriet Tubman Important? • Harriet Tubman: Main conductor of the Underground Railroad. She was an African-American abolitionist. • Abraham Lincoln- President of the Union during the Civil War. • Ulysses S. Grant- Union General of the Civil War • Lincoln: Grant:

4. Important People: • Jefferson Davis- President of the Confederacy (created a draft for the war) • Robert E. Lee- Commander of the Confederate Army • General Lee • Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson- Led the Confederate Army in the battle of Bull Run. He held his ground and led his soldiers to victory in chaotic battle conditions.

5. Important People: • Harriet Beecher Stowe- Wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Sold over 300,00 copies the first year • She was against the Fugitive Slave Law • Uncle Tom’s Cabin was a story that described the cruelty of slavery • The book convinced many northerners that slavery was wrong, but the southerners insisted that Stowe’s picture of slavery was false. • This book pushed the North and South further apart

6. Important People/Event: • John Brown- A white abolitionist that raided U.S. army post in Harper’s Ferry, Virginia. • John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry- • John Brown wanted to fight slavery on his own. • He started a rebellion against slavery in Harper’s Ferry • The government accused and found guilty of treason • The raid increased tensions between the North and South, and it became harder to compromise over slavery.

7. A Divided Nation and Secession: • After Lincoln’s Election: • Government passed tariffs and tried to limit slavery, southerners argued that their states’ rights were under attack. • Southerners believed the federal government was becoming too powerful • Secession: Southerners believed that this was the only way to protect their rights • Secession- to break away from the union • 11 states seceded from the Union to form the Confederacy (including Georgia) • States tried to leave the Union which began a terrible war.

8. StateDate of Secession South Carolina December 20, 1860 Mississippi January 9, 1861 Florida January 10, 1861 Alabama January 11, 1861 Georgia January 19, 1861 Louisiana January 26, 1861 Texas February 1, 1861 Virginia April 17, 1861 Arkansas May 6, 1861 North Carolina May 20, 1861 Tennessee June 8, 1861

9. Major Battles: • Fort Sumter (South Carolina): The first shots were fired which marked the beginning of the Civil War. • Confederates attacked Fort Sumter when Lincoln refused to surrender the Fort. • Civil War- A war between two groups or regions within a nation.

10. Major Battles: • Gettysburg (Pennsylvania) • Turning Point for the Union Army- • The Union soldiers were ready as 14,000 Confederates charged across an open field • After the Confederacy suffered many causalities, Lee’s weakened army had to retreat. • Gettysburg Address: Lincoln declared the Union was fighting to make sure that American democracy would survive.

11. Major Campaign: • Atlanta Campaign: • Atlanta: Center for the Confederate’s supplies, factories, and railroads. • Union General William Sherman led an attack on Atlanta • Even though the Confederates fought back, they were no match to the Union’s large army. • The Union captured Atlanta and telegraphed Lincoln with the good news

12. Sherman’s March to the Sea • Total War- destroying the enemy’s resources • After the Confederate defeat in Atlanta, General Sherman marched his army to Savannah, GA destroying everything in their path • Sherman destroyed the Confederate’s supplies, food, and factories

13. Major Campaign: • Appomattox Courthouse (Virginia): • General Lee and Grant met at Appomattox Courthouse where Lee surrendered • Lee sent food and supplies to the weak Confederate soldiers • The Civil War was over!

14. Effects of War: • The majority of the battles were fought in the South • The South suffered the most. • Inflation- There was a rise in prices on products such as butter and bacon • South needed to REBUILD: • businesses • farms • homes

15. Reconstruction • Reconstruction- The period when the South rejoined the Union • Rebuilding the South • Freedman’s Bureau- protected the rights of people freed from slavery. • provided food • clothing • medical care • legal advice to poor blacks and whites • set up hospitals, schools and jobs for many

16. Constitution Changes

17. Reconstruction • Sharecropping- a system in which landowners set up • it let poor whites and former slaves become farmers • the poor farmers used the landowner’s fields • In return, the farmer gave the landowner a share (money) of the crop • Landowners also let sharecroppers use their tools and seeds • Many times the sharecropper found it hard to pay his debts to the landowner

18. Reconstruction: • Even though slavery did not exist, African-American still struggled for freedom • Jim Crow Laws were passed • a nickname for laws that kept African Americans separate from other American • segregation in hospitals • segregation in schools • segregation in restaurants • Segregation- forced separation of the races • Jim Crow Laws prevented African Americans from exercising their rights

19. Challenges for newly freed African Americans