WINTER AND SUMER TERM 2013/14 Assoc . Prof. Dáša SLÍŽOVÁ, MD, PhD. Head of Anatomy Dept .

1. HUMAN ANATOMYStudy ofallparts, structures, and organsofhuman body And theirrelationships WINTER AND SUMER TERM 2013/14 Assoc. Prof. Dáša SLÍŽOVÁ, MD, PhD. Headof Anatomy Dept.

2. ANATOMY 1 WINTER TERM • Locomotor system (bones, joints, muscles and their nutrition and innervation) • Splanchnology (inner organs) ANATOMY 2 SUMMER TERM • Nervous system (central and peripheral NS) • Topography of the human body (dissections)

3. How to study Anatomy? 1. Follow the anatomical lectures (notes, schemes) 2. Use textbook and notes from lectures to be ready for practical classes 3. In the course of the practical class study all specimens, x-rays and pictures, complete all knowledge 4. Conditions for credit of winter term: • Attendance in the lectures and practical classes • Control of knowledge: - MICROTESTS in the begining of every practical class and oral examination - CREDIT TESTS (winter term) (Locomotor system-spot test, Splanchnology – written test)

4. web.lfhk.cuni.cz/anatomie/

6. 1. LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM GENERAL ANATOMY - INTRODUCTION ANATOMICAL TERMS – names of all parts, organs and structures of the body Terminology: 1. PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY 2. PLANES AND AXES OF THE BODY • „ANATOMICAL POSITION“ of the body • Terminology of DIRECTIONS in the human body

7. MAIN PARTS OF THE HUMAN BODY HEAD - CAPUT NECK - COLLUM TRUNC (TORSO) - TRUNCUS THORAX (chest) ABDOMEN (belly) BACK - DORSUM PELVIS UPPER LIMB - EXTREMITAS SUPERIOR LOWER LIMB - EXTREMITAS INFERIOR ( Right - dexter, left – sinister)

8. BASIC „ANATOMICAL POSITION“ of the body: = upright position - standing up with palm of the hand turned anteriorly

9. Planes and axes of the body– divide the body: • frontal plane – front and back part • sagittal (median) plane - right and left part • transverse plane – upper and lower part

10. Terminology ofdirections in the body • cranial- caudal • ventral- dorsal • anterior-posterior • lateral-medial • dexter-sinister • superior-inferior • internal- external • profundus-superficial (deep)

11. Upper and lower limbs: (directions and position) • proximalis – distalis (up and down) • ulnaris – radialis (upper limb) • tibialis – fibularis (lower limb) • palma manus – palm of the hand • palmaris – dorsalis • dorsum manus – back of the hand • planta pedis - sole of the foot • dorsum pedis - back of the foot • plantaris – dorsalis

12. GENERAL OSTEOLOGY Bony skeleton forms the passive locomotor system SHAPES OF BONES: • Long bones – humerus, ulna, radius, femur, tibia, fibule - consist of a BODY (SHAFT, DIAPHYSIS) and two ENDS (EPIPHYSIS, head) – with articular surfaces 2. Flat bones – scapula, sternum, bones of the skull and pelvis 3. Short bones – wrist (carpal bb.), foot (tarsal bb.) 4. Irregular bones – vertebrae 5. Pneumatic bones – air-filled cavities (skull) 6. Sesamoid bones – in the muscle tendons (patella)

13. Spongy bone - Diploe Periosteum Compact b. Spongy b. Cavitas medullaris

14. Ossa sesamoidea (sesamoid bones)

15. STRUCTURE OF THE BONES: (LAYERS): • PERIOSTEUM – soft connective tissue (fibrous layer) nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels growth and regeneration • COMPACT (cortical) BONE- the hardest superficial layer • SPONGY BONE (TRABECULAR) • „diploe“ of flat bones • MEDULLARY (MARROW) CAVITY (only long bones) (bony marrow- medulla)- red, yellow or gray - Red - All bones in the newborns, in the adults short, flat, and heads of long bones

16. Layers of long bones Periosteum Compact (cortical bone) Spongy bone Medullary cavity (medulla ossium)

17. Architecture of spongy bones SPONGY BONE - TRABECULAE • Organised to specific directions against pressure

18. Development of the bones OSSIFICATION OF THE SKELETON • from cartilage (gristle) 2. from fibrous connective tissue (bones of the skull, clavicle) OSSIFICATION CENTRES of the bones: Long bones – more than one center • head, body, condyles, etc. • Growth plate (epiphysial disk) Growth cartilage

19. Bones of the upper limb (extremitas superior) • Shoulder girdle • Scapula • Clavicle • Arm (BRACHIUM) • Humerus • Forearm(ANTEBRACHIUM) • Radius • Ulna • Hand (MANUS) • Carpal bones • Metacarpal bones • Phalanges

20. Hand: Carpal bones: 2 rows– proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpal bones (I – V) /1st – metacarpal bone of the pollex/ Fingers: Phalanges: proximal, medial, distal (pollex – only proximal and distal) Digiti manus et pedis (fingers of the hand and foot) • Pollex (Hallux) II. Index III. Medius IV. Anularis V. Digitus minimus

21. Detailed description of the each bone !! Scapule: -flat, trangular bone, left • Borders - medial, lateral, superior, • Glenoid fossa, • Angles – superior,lateral, inferior • Acromion, • Coracoid process, • Spine of scapule, • Supraspinal fossa, • Infraspinal fossa, • Subscapular fossa • Supraglenoid tubercle, • Infraglenoid tubercle…

22. Detailed description!! • lateral border • collum scapulae - neck • glenoid cavity • acromion • coracoid process • incisure of scapulae • superior angle • medial border • subscapular fossa – lineae musculares 10. inferior angle supraglenoid tubercle infraglenoid tubercle Scapule: flat,bone, right Ventral surface (facies costalis)

23. Dorsal surface Scapule: • Lateral margin • Neck of scapule • Glenoid cavity • acromion • spina of scapule • Incisura of scapule • superior angle • medial margin • Supraspinous fossa • inferior angle 11. Infraspinous fossa 9 5 11

24. Clavicula sinistra (left clavicle) • Acromial end • Sternal end • Coracoid tuberosity • Subclavian sulcus 1 2 1 34 2 Lower view Clavicula dextra (right)

25. Humerus – long bone CORPUS –body ( DIAPHYSIS) UPPER AND LOWER END (EPIPHYSIS) (proximal, distal) • head of humerus • anatomical neck • greater tubercle • lesser tubercle • intertubercular sulcus • surgical neck • deltoid tuberosity • medial epicondyle • lateral epicondyle • trochlea • capitulum (condyles) • olecranon fossa

26. Humerus – long bone Anterior surface BODY ( DIAPHYSIS) CAPUT – (HEAD) CONDYLE – articular surfaces (proximal and distal) • Trochlea of humeus • Capitulum of humerus • Lateral epicondyle • Radial fossa • Deltoid tuberosity • Crest of greater tubercle • Crest of lesser tubercle 8. Intertubercular sulcus 9. Greater tubercle 10.caput humeri (head) 11. Lesser tubercle 13.Surgical neck 14. Coronoid fossa 15. Medial epicondyle CONDYLE

27. Antebrachium (forearm) Radius Ulna Interosseal membrane Articulatio cubiti (elbow joint)

28. Radius and ulna (long bb.) • Right side • Anterior surface • styloid process of radius • interosseal margin of radius • radial tuberosity • neck of radius • circumference of radius • coronoid process of ulna • trochlear incisure • olecranon • ulnar tuberosity • interosseal margin of ulna • head of ulnae • styloid process of ulna 1

29. Radius Ulna

30. Ulna olecranon trochlear incisure Coronoid process Ulnar tuberosity Head of ulna styloid process Proximal end Head of ulna Distal end

31. Skeleton of the hand: Carpal bones: 2 rows – proximal: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform distal: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate Metacarpal bones (I – V) /1st – metacarpal bone of the pollex/ Fingers: Phalanges: proximal, medial, distal (pollex – only proximal and distal)

32. Skeleton manus: Carpus Carpal bones : proximal row: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform distal row: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

33. Metacarpus, phalanges Distal phalanx medial phalanx Proximal phalanx x pollex Proximal and distal phal. Metacarpal bones (I. – V.)

34. OSSA CARPALIA (Carpal bones) OSSIFICATION trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

35. 1st practical class: • white coat – needed for access to dissection room • to be ready for program of practical class – microtest and oral examination • begining – 8 a.m. !!!