Sentence Types Review

1. Sentence Types Review

2. Grammar Review: NOTES We are checking over the notes you should have already taken. You must add what you don’t have!

3. Stuff you should know!

4. Independent Clause • Has a subject and a verb • May include phrases of all kinds • Always has the main idea/action of the whole sentence • Can stand alone as a complete thought • Foundation for all 4 sentence types (S, CD, CX, & CDCX)

5. Independent Clause Example • Can have just a subject and verb … Joanie swam. • Can include phrases … Joanie swam across the pond.

6. Subordinate Clause • Has a subject AND a verb • May have phrases of all kinds • Cannot stand alone; is an incomplete thought; must be tied to/part of an independent clause • Can be anywhere in a sentence • Clause can be an Adverb or Adjective or Noun clause • Must start with a subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun

7. After Although As As far as As if As long as As soon as As though Because Before Even though If In order that Since So that Than Though Unless Until When Whenever Where Wherever while Subordinating Conjunctions These words ALWAYS start the subordinate clause These words always introduce a subject and a verb!

8. Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the front… • AS LONG AS WE WANDER AIMLESSLY AROUND THE FOREST, we will remain lost. • Conjunction (as long as) • Subject (we) • Verb (wander) Note comma use!

9. Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the middle • Joanie thought ,WHILE SHE WORKED ON THE ENTRIES FOR THE BANK, about her vacation in Australia. • Conjunction (while) • Subject (she) • Verb (worked) Note comma use!

10. Subordinate Clause Example Adverb clause in the end • Sally worked hard on her project BECAUSE SHE WANTED TO EARN THE TOP PRIZE. • Conjunction (because) • Subject (she) • Verb (wanted) Note NO comma use!

11. Coordinating Conjunctions • For • And • Nor • But • Or • Yet • so Used to combine independent clauses together. Uses a comma before the conjunction. A simple sentence has one independent clause, but a compound sentence has TWO independent clauses!

12. F – furthermore, finally L – likewise A – also, accordingly T – therefore T – thus H – however, hence I – instead N – nevertheless C – consequently O – otherwise M – moreover B – besides S – similarly, still Create compound sentences Needs both a semicolon and a comma EX: Independent clauses sometimes need clarification; consequently, we add subordinate clauses, phrases, and other descriptors for understanding. Conjunctive Adverbs

13. Semicolon • Used to create compound sentences • Means the same thing as “comma and” EX: Sally worked on the project; her efforts were noticed by the government. Notice punctuation

14. 3 sentence types taught • Simple (one independent clause with one subject and verb pair) • Sallycooked dinner and played cards during the football game.

15. 3 sentence types taught • compound (two independent clauses and 3 ways to write) • Sallycooked dinner, andsheplayed cards during the football game. • Sallywas distracted; consequently, her pastaburned. • Sally’s burned pastasmoked and sparked; the fire departmentarrived just in time. Notice punctuation

16. 3 sentence types taught • complex (one independent clause with one subordinate clause anywhere in the sentence) • While Sallycooked dinner and played cards, the football gameended. Notice punctuation

17. Stuff you may not know!

18. This is a good place to take notes!

19. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE • Starts with a relative pronoun: who, whom, whose, which, that (sometimes where or when) • Describes a noun/pronoun…ALWAYS follows the noun/pronoun it modifies • Has a subject and verb • The relative pronoun may not only relate to the noun modified, it may also be the subject, direct object, object of the preposition, or possessive adjective within the adjective clause • May be essential (no comma) or non-essential (with comma)

20. Adjective Clause Example • Joanie’s project that covered DNA combination patterns won first prize. (essential: NO commas) • The project, which took 5 years to design,reflected complex DNA patterns in chimps. (non-essential: needs commas)

22. Noun Clauses Used like a noun/pronoun • Subject • Direct object • Indirect object • Object of a preposition • Predicate nominative

23. Noun Clauses • Because it’s used like a noun, it cannot be removed from the sentence like other subordinate clauses. • It can be substituted with “Bob” or “it” or some other noun or pronoun to check for usage!

24. How If That What Whatever When Where Whether Which Who Whoever Whom Whomever Whose Why Common Intro Words for NOUN Clauses

25. Noun Clause Example (subject) Used as the Subject Whatever Joanie completed for her project will be evaluated by the review board. Bob…It…The Work will be evaluated by the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

26. Noun Clause Example (d.o.) Used as the direct object Joanie gave whatever she had on the assignment to the review board. Joanie gave Bob…it…them to the review board. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

27. Noun Clause Example (i.o.) Used as the indirect object Joanie gave who asked for it a copy of the work. Joanie gave Bob… it… them a copy of the work. Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

28. Noun Clause Example (o.p.) Used as the object of a preposition Joanie gave a copy of the work towhoever asked for it. Joanie gave a copy of the work to Bob…it... Substitution makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

29. Noun Clause Example (p.n.) Used as the predicate nominative (after a linking verb!) Joanie’s favorite ice cream is whatever is full of nuts and marshmallows! Joanie’s favorite ice cream is Bob…it… mint! Substitution USUALLY makes it easy to see where the noun clause is and what its function is!

30. Correlative Conjunctions • Both/and • Not only/but also • Either/or • Neither/nor • Whether/or These are used to combine ideas within a single clause (usually a simple sentence) EX: Not only do we need strong grammar usage skills but also excellent sentence construction in communicating effectively.

31. Compound-Complex Sentence • Has 2 independent clauses • Has 1 or more subordinate clauses • Clauses can be in any order, which makes these the most difficult sentence type. • Will use all types of conjunctions

32. Notice subordin-ate clause and punc-tuation Notice subordin-ate clause and punc-tuation Compound-Complex Sentence EXAMPLE • Joanie and Bill live in Seattle because they like the area, but it does rain a lot there. • Because they like the area, Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, but it rains a lot there. • Joanie and Bill live in Seattle, where it rains a lot, but they like it there.

33. 4 Sentence Types in Review • Simple • 1 subject and 1 verb = 1 clause • Compound • 1 independent clause + 1 independent clause • Complex • 1 independent clause + 1 or more subordinate clause(s) • Compound-Complex • 2 independent clauses + 1 or more subordinate clauses