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Research Paper

Research Paper. Course 60-592 Instructor: Dr. Aggrawal. PAPERS. Active Vulnerability Assessment of Computer Networks by Simulation of Complex Remote Attacks Igor Kotenko St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 39, 14th Liniya, Russia

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Research Paper

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  1. Research Paper Course 60-592 Instructor: Dr. Aggrawal

  2. PAPERS • Active Vulnerability Assessment of Computer Networks by Simulation of Complex Remote Attacks Igor Kotenko St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 39, 14th Liniya, Russia • Formal Framework for Modeling and Simulation of DDoS Attacks Based on Teamwork of Hackers-Agents Igor Kotenko, Alexey Alexeev, Evgeny Man’kov St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 39, 14th Liniya, Russia

  3. Network Security • Security Assurance • We Have seen • Practical tools • We will see • Underlying approach • Theoretical Concepts • With reference to Attack Simulator

  4. Goal Of Paper • Development • Of General Approach • Mathematical Models • Software Simulation Tool For active analysis of computer network vulnerabilities

  5. Security Assurance • Important Problem • Increasing Significance of information • Potentially devastating Consequences • Complex • Growing Size • Inter-Connectivity of Networks • Number of Users • Availability of Information

  6. Attack Modeling and Simulation Approach • Malefactors intention and attack task specification • Application Ontology “Computer Network Attacks” • Formal Grammar Based Framework • State Machine based representation of attack generation • Formal Model of Attacked Computer Network

  7. Malefactors Intentions • R - Reconnaissance • Aiming at getting information about the network (host) • I – Implantation And Threat Realization

  8. List of Malefactor’s Intentions 1-6 R type 7-12 I type

  9. Attack Task Specification • A Top Level attack Goal • Specified as <Network (host) address, Malefactors Intention, Known Data, Attack Object > • Known Data specifies the information about attacked computer network. • Attack Object corresponds to optional variable defining more exactly attack target

  10. Hierarchy of Attacks • Two Subsets • Upper Level ( Macro-level attacks) • Lower Level (Micro Level attacks)

  11. Relations • Part Of – decomposition relationship • Kind Of – specialization relationship • Seq Of – specifying sequence of relationship • Example Of – type of object (specific sample of Object)

  12. Mathematical Model of Attack Intentions • Formal Grammar • Particular intentions inter-connected through substitution operations • Ma = < {Gi}, {Su} > • Gi = < Vn, Vt, S, P, A > • {Gi} – formal Grammar • {Su} – substitution

  13. State Machines • States • First (Initial) • Intermediate • End (Final) • Transition Arcs – can be carried out only under specific circumstances • Examples of State Machines • Implantation and Threat Realization • Identification of Hosts

  14. Factors • Malefactors Strategy • Depends on results of intermediate actions • Reason – not possible to generate complete sequence of malefactor’s actions before-hand

  15. Attack Simulator Implementation • Multi Agent System • Network Agent – simulates a attacked computer network • Hacker Agent – performs attacks against computer networks • Technology- MASDK (Multi Agent System Development Kit)

  16. Key Components of Hacker Agent • Kernel of Hacker Agent • It calls specification of attack task • Computes next state machine transition • Script Component – specifies set of scripts that can be executed by state machines • Attack Task Specification Component – provides user with interface to specify attack attributes • Probabilistic decision making model – used to determine hackers agent further action in attack generation • Network Traffic Generator – forms flow of network packets • Attack Scenario Visualization – for visual representation of attack progress

  17. Key Component of Network Agent • Kernel of Network Agent • Functions used for specification of network configuration through user interface • Computation of network’s response to an attacking action • State Machines Model – specifies the network agent behavior ( communication functionality) • Network Configuration Specification Component – is used for a set of user interfaces for configuration of network to be attacked • Firewall Model component – determines firewall’s response to action • Network response component – network’s (host’s) response messages to attack

  18. Component Models of Network Agent and Hacker Agent

  19. Experiments with Attack Simulator • Goals of experiment • Checking a computer network security policy at stages of conceptual and logic design network security system. • Checking security policy of a real life computer network

  20. Factors affecting attack efficacy • Protection Degree of Network firewall (PNF) • Protection degree of Personal Firewall (PPF) • Protection Parameters of attacked host(PP) • Hackers Knowledge of Network (KN)

  21. Attack outcome parameters • Number of Attack steps (NS) • Percentage of Intent realization (PIR) • Percentage of Attack realization(PAR) • Percentage of Firewall Blocking(PFB) • Percentage of Reply Absence (PRA)

  22. Example • Realization of Intention CVR • Protection of attacked host – Strong • Hacker’s Knowledge – Good

  23. Changes of Attack Outcome Parameters

  24. Conclusion (Paper I) • Paper presents formal approach to active vulnerability assessment based on modeling and simulation of remote computer network attacks • Multi agent system • Tries to give a standard procedure for security assurance

  25. PAPER IIFormal Framework for Modeling and Simulation of DDoS Attacks Based on Teamwork of Hackers-Agents Igor Kotenko, Alexey Alexeev, Evgeny Man’kov St. Petersburg Institute for Informatics and Automation, 39, 14th Liniya, Russia • Concern • Growth of • Number • Capacity of DDOS attacks

  26. Goals of Paper • Goals Of Paper • Development for formal framework for modeling • Elaboration of Formal Specification of a representative spectrum • Implementation of software development tools

  27. Teamwork • Joint Intention Theory • Shared Plans theory • Combined theory of Agents

  28. Creation of Hackers Agent • Forming the subject domain ontology • Determining the agents team structure • Defining the agents interaction-and-coordination mechanisms • Specifying the agents actions plans • Assigning roles and allocating plans between agents • Realizing the teamwork by set of state-machines

  29. Structure • Client • Supervises a sub-team of masters • Masters • Each master supervises a group of demons • Demons • Execute immediate attack actions against victim hosts

  30. Suggested Mechanisms • Maintenance and Action coordination • Monitoring and restoration of agent functionality • Maintenance of Communication Selectivity

  31. Plan Of DDoS • Preliminary • Reconnaissance and Installation of Agents • Basic • Realization of DDoS attack by joint action of agents • Final • Visualization of attack results

  32. Formal Model of Attacked Networks • Represented as Quadruple • MA = <Mcn,{Mhi}, Mp, Mhr> • Mcn – model of computer network structure • {Mhi} – model of host resources • Mp – model of computation of success probablilites • Mhr – model of host reaction in response to attacks Input -> Output [& post condition]

  33. Attack Simulation Tool Implementation • MASDK – Multi-Agent System Development Kit • Why Use Attack Simulator • Checking a computer network security policy at stages of conceptual and logical design. • Checking security of real life computer network

  34. Conclusion (Paper II) • Paper presents formal paradigm for modeling and simulation • Presents a structure of team of agents • Above approach used for evaluation of computer network security • Analysis of both efficiency and effectiveness of security policy against DDoS attacks

  35. References • F.Cohen, “Simulating Cyber Attacks, Defenses, and Consequences”, IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy,Berkeley, CA, 1999 • V.Gorodetski, and I.Kotenko, “Attacks against Computer Network: Formal Grammar-based Framework and Simulation Tool”, Lecture • V.Gorodetski, O.Karsayev, I.Kotenko, and A.Khabalov, “Software Development Kit for Multi-agent Systems Design and Implementation”, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, Vol. 2296, Springer Verlag, 2002. • M.Tambe, “Towards Flexible Teamwork”, Journal ofArtificial Intelligence Research, No.7, 1997. • M.Tambe, and D.V.Pynadath, “Towards Heterogeneous Agent Teams”, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence,Vol.2086, 2001

  36. Questions and Comments THANK YOU Presented By Ashutosh Sood

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