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This document delves into the multifaceted nature of language and communication, examining the diverse ways in which humans and animals express themselves. It explores essential linguistic concepts such as phonology, morphology, and syntax, alongside the historical evolution of languages and their cultural implications. Additionally, it encourages contemplation of the richness of language and its ability to reflect societal norms. The interplay between language and cognitive processes is also reviewed, illustrating how culture and biology affect our understanding of communication.
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Do Now • List as many words as you can think of to describe a body of water (example: ocean)
Communication Linguistics and the Arts
What do the following words mean? • Whalers • Crisps • Pop • Trousers • Sucker • Billfold • Thermals • Kleenex
Linguistics • The essential function of language is communication • Language is the medium for the transition of culture • Human communication is no limited to spoken language
Cognition • Not all people process the world in the same way. Cognition is based on both language and culture, as well as biology
Non-human communication • Systems of communication are not unique to humans • Other animals communicate through sound, odor, and body movement
The ability of gorillas and chimpanzees to learn sign language suggests symbolic communication is not unique to humans
Human Communication • Symbolic • Arbitrary in meaning • Open
Symbolic • Language has meaning even when its referent in not present
Arbitrary in meaning • There is no “natural” word for a thing. We “make-up” what to call it.
Do Now: • See handout
Open • Language is governed by complex rules about how sounds and sequences of sounds can be combined to produce an infinite variety of meanings
Descriptive Linguistics • Also known as structural linguistics • Seeks to determine the rules of: • Phonology • Morphology • Syntax
Phones • Phones are sounds • Phonology is the study of the rules that predict how sounds are made and used • Phonemes- a sound or setof sounds that makes a difference in meaning
Morphs • The smallest unit of language that has meaning is a morph • Morphology is the study of how sound sequences convey meaning • Morphemes- one or more morphs with the same meaning
Syntax • How words are strung together to form phases or sentences
Lexicon • A list of a languages morphs and meanings
Closure • Exit Ticket: Write down 3 things you learned about parts of speech.
Do Now • If you could learn to speak another language which one would you learn? Why? (3 Sentences)
Historical Linguistics • Historic linguistics seek to determine the origins and changes in languages over time
Dialects • Variations on a language spoken in an area by several groups
Origins of Language • Linguists study the origins of languages by comparing common elements in languages • Cognates-words that have the same meaning in multiple languages
Protolanguages • Are presumed languages from which other languages originate • Proto-Indo European (about 50% of world languages) • Sino-Tibetan • Bantu • Native America Amarid
Dyen List • A list of Proto Indo-European cognates
English • English is an Indo-European language • English is a Germanic language
Nearly 1/3 of English words are French in origin (1066 Norman invasion of England) • During the Renaissance Latin and Greek words are added to English
Language Divergence • Both isolation and contact lead to the evolution of new languages • The isolation of the German Angles, Saxons, and Jutes on an island =English
European colonization in the 1400-1700 = the spread of Spanish, English, and French • The spread of Islam = spread of Arabic
Closure • Do you think the world is becoming more unilingual or multilingual? Why?
Do Now • What other words can you use that mean the same thing as “kill”? (3 Sentences)
Writing • Writing developed c.5KYA to keep track of planting cycles • Calendars were the first form of writing
Writing evolved along the following lines • Ideograms- image = idea • Pictograms- image = what it is a picture of • Phonograms- image = a sound
Alphabet • Our alphabet was originally developed by the Phoenicians • The Greeks adopted and modified the Phoenician alphabet
The Romans adopted and modified the alphabet further • The alphabet was further changed by the Germansafter the fall of Rome
Exit Ticket • Is it right for the military to use other words to describe killing? What effect might this have on our society?
Do Now • Type 1- 4 Lines- What will a girl or guy do to show they like you?
Exit Ticket • Why do you think people pick up on non-verbal communication clues so easily?
Hieroglyphs • An Egyptian phonographic writing system • Rosetta Stone- important archaeological find that allowed for the translation of hieroglyphs
Khipu • Also spelled quipu, an Incan writing method that uses knots to record information. In some ways it is similar to the binary code of computers
Language and Culture • The way society views the world around it can be reflected in its language • More complex societies have larger vocabularies • Core Vocabulary- non-specialist vocabulary
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis • Language also influences culture • Studies show societies whose languages have more gender emphasis developed gender concepts earlier
Ethnography of Speaking • Speech can reveal social status • Lower class individuals generally speak heterogeneously, while high classes speak homogenously (Grammar) • Age, social standing, occupation can all be reflected in speech
Ethnography of Speaking • Gender differences and biases are often seen in language • Directs vs. Indirect commands (How to Give Orders Like a Man) (Eastern vs. Western Cultures)
Sociolinguistics • The study of culture and subculture patterns of speaking in different social contexts:
