Chapter 11

1. Chapter 11 Rome: Republic to Empire

2. Lesson 1: The Founding of Rome What effect did geography have on the rise of the Roman civilization?

3. The Beginning of Rome • After Greece declined, parts of its culture was adapted by Rome • The Settling of Italy • Centrally located in the Mediterranean region • Easy travel from Asia, Africa, and Europe • Sunny, mild climate • Fertile farmland • Rome’s Location • Alps and Apennienes • Volcanos • Tiber River

4. Roman Origins • Multiple legends • The Aeneid by Virgil • Aeneas fled Troy • Married local Italian king’s daughter • Romulus and Remus • Left along Tiber River as babies • Female wolf cared for them • Shepherd found and raised them

5. Becoming a Republic • Romans benefited from the Etruscans (Greece) • Grew tired of Etruscan rule • Romans overthrew king and established a republic • A form of government in which citizens elect their leaders • Able to acquire land through army • Well-trained, strict discipline • All male citizens • New battle strategies • Small groups - legion • Divided into even smaller groups

6. Who Ruled Rome? • Effective rulers • Built military outposts to protect new land • Hills and rivers • Built roads • Troops and supplies • Treated conquered fairly • Would become loyal subjects • Roman Confederation • Full citizenship • Vote, serve in gov’t • Allies • Paid taxes, soldiers • Managed own affairs

7. Lesson 2: Governing Rome How did conflict between classes change Rome’s government?

8. Governing Rome • Not everyone was treated fairly • Divisions in society • Two classes • Patricians - Ruling class • Wealthy landowners • Old and most prominent families • Plebeians - Everyone else • Artisans, shopkeepers, and small farm owners • Some were very poor • Could not hold public office • Could not lead ceremonies • Both classes’ males: • Citizens • Vote • Pay taxes • Serve in army

9. Government of the Republic • 3 branches • Laws • Daily affairs • Judges • Helped run gov’t and lead armies • Checks and balances • How did the gov’t work? • 2 patrician consuls (administrators and army leaders) • 1 year term only to reduce power • Could veto, or reject other’s decisions • “I forbid” • Praetors - interpreted laws and served as judges, served in army

10. The Senate • Rome’s legislature • Group of people with the power to change laws • 300 men • Served for life • Advised consul • Debated foreign policy • Proposed laws • Approved roads and temples • Assembly of Centuries • Elected consuls and praetors • Controlled by patricians

11. Conflict Between Classes • Plebeians grew frustrated • Many went on strike against army • Some left Rome • Patricians feared collapse • Shared power • Plebeians had own body of representatives • Council of the Plebs • Elected officials called tribunes • Voiced Plebeian concerns • Veto power • Pass laws

12. Cincinnatus and Civic Duty • Dictator • During difficult times, consuls resigned to dictator • Complete control • Relinquish power after crisis • Today, it means an oppressive leader • Cincinnatus • A farmer appointed as dictator to defend Rome • Created army, defeated enemies, returned to farm • Admired for his civic duty - citizen’s responsibility to help their country • George Washington

13. Rome’s System of Law • Written laws • Plebeians wanted written proof so not to favor Patricians • Twelve Tables • 1st written code • 12 bronze tablets • All citizens have the right to be treated equally • As Rome expanded, the laws expanded • Applied to non-citizens • Law of Nations

14. Roman Justice • Innocent until proven guilty • The right to defend yourself against accusations • Careful consideration of evidence • Rule of Law • Law applies to everyone equally • Everyone treated equally • Removal of special privileges for the wealthy

15. The Punic Wars • Carthage empire along the north African coast • Phoenicians • Main Roman rival • Rival turned into series of wars over 120 years • The Punic War Begins • 1st Punic War • Farm land in Sicily • Carthaginian navy vs. Roman army • Romans forced to build fleet • Created moveable bridge for combat • Battled for 20 years • Romans win

16. Hannibal Attacks: The Second Punic War • Carthage tries to expand into Spain • Romans encouraged Spanish to rebel • Carthage sent the general Hannibal to attack Rome • Invaded Italy on elephants • Sailed, then marched • Crossing the Alps proved difficult • Killed half the soldiers and most of the elephants • Those left were still very strong • Romans win over several large battles • Carthage lost Spanish territory and had to pay tributes

17. The Third Punic War • Carthage still a threat • Rome finally destroys empire in 3rd war • Waged wars simultaneously in other areas • Conquered Greece • Acquired province in Asia

18. Lesson 3: The End of the Republic Why Does Conflict Develop?

19. Problems in the Republic • Romans - Rich and Poor • Farmers began to fall into debt • Neglected farms while fighting wars • Farms destroyed in wars • Could not pay back loans • Wealthy Romans owned latifundia - large, farming estates • Jobs on latifundia went to prisoners of war • No wages, so the wealthy bought more land • Pushed out small farmers • The poor moved to the cities • Enslaved peoples still did most of the work • Free people found jobs at low wages • Gov’t offered cheap food and free entertainment to the poor • “Bread and circuses”

20. Roman Reformers • 2 gov’t officials (brothers) worked for reforms • Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus • Rome’s problems because of the wealthy’s actions • Tried to get the Senate to seize land and distribute to the poor • Senators murder the brothers

21. The Rise of Julius Caesar • Rome cycles through several leaders • Triumvirate - a political group of three leaders with equal power • Crassus (Syria), Pompey (Spain), and Julius Caesar (Gaul - France and Belgium) • Caesar’s Conquests • Fought the Celts • Invaded Britain • Popular with the poor • Crassus died in battle • Pompey became rival • Senate supported Pompey • Ordered Caesar to give up army and return to Rome • Civil war • Took over Italy

22. Caesar Takes Power • Declared himself dictator for life • Appointed people to Senate who supported him • Gave citizenship to people in territories • Created jobs • Organized new settlements for landless laborers • Ordered landowners to hire free workers • Creation of new calendar • 12 months, 365 days, leap year • Julian calendar • Brought peace • But many hated him • Thought he wanted to be king • Ides of March • Senators plotted assassination • Brutus and Casisus (senators) • March 15th

23. From Republic to Empire • Civil war after Caesar’s death • Octavian, Marc Antony, and Marcus Lepidus • Created Second Triumvirate • Octavian (Italy and the west), Antony (Greece and the east), Lepidus (North Africa) • Antony and Cleopatra • Lepidus retired • Octavian and Antony became rivals • Antony fell in love with Egyptian queen Cleopatra • Accused of wanting to take over Rome together • Octavian declared war • Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra • Committed suicide to avoid capture • Octavian became supreme ruler of Rome • The end of the Roman republic

24. Octavian - a New Direction • Voiced his support for a republic • Privately, felt Rome needed a strong leader • Supported by strong and loyal army • But consented to Senate’s wishes • Declared Octavian as consul, tribune, and commander-in-chief • Octavian took the title of Caesar Augustus • “The Majestic One” • Rome’s first emperor

25. Lesson 4: Rome Builds an Empire What are the characteristics of a leader?

26. The Rule of Augustus • What reforms did Augustus make? • For 200 years, Romans experience Pax Romana (“Roman Peace”) • Protection • Created permanent professional army • Established Rome’s boundaries along natural physical features • Rhine River, Danube River, Atlantic Ocean, the Sahara, Euphrates River • Stationed troops along these areas

27. Display of Power • Rebuilt public buildings, fountains, and palaces • “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” • Government improvements • Named a proconsul, or governor, to oversee provinces • Augustus would visit provinces to inspect proconsuls • Changed tax system • Permanent gov’t officials with regular wages • Legal system • Code of laws for non-citizens in provinces • Eventually, they became citizens and law applied to everyone • Empire authority over individual rights • Distributed grain to the poor imported from Africa • Well-fed population led to less revolts

28. The Roman Peace • After Augustus, family members became emperors • Nero, the last of Augustus’ family rulers, was cruel and committed suicide • After Nero, a general named Vespasian became emperor • Vespasian • Began the construction of the Colosseum • The tragedies of Mount Vesuvius and Roman fire

29. Five Good Emperors • Did not abuse power • Economic growth • Agriculture and trade flourished • Introduced programs to help all people • Education for poor children • Built arches and monuments, bridges, roads, and harbors • A United Empire • Rome expanded to maximum size • Now Britain and Mesopotamia too • Many groups of people • Same Roman law, rule, and identity • Every free person a citizen • All citizens treated equally

30. The Empire’s Economy • Agriculture the most important economic activity • Most people were farmers • Grapes and olives, grain • Industry • Potters, weavers, and jewelers • Artisans made glass, bronze, and brass • Trade flourished • Common system of money • Standard system of weights and measurements • Network of paved roads • Eliminated piracy • Many became wealthy but most city dwellers and farmers remained poor • Many still enslaved