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Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

Westward Expansion and the Mexican War. HIS 103. Trails to the West. Mexico loosely controlled northern provinces John Frémont & Kit Carson explored Rockies in 1840s Oregon Country jointly ruled by Britain & U.S. Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty (1846) divided Oregon in half at 49 th parallel.

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Westward Expansion and the Mexican War

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  1. Westward Expansion and the Mexican War HIS 103

  2. Trails to the West • Mexico loosely controlled northern provinces • John Frémont & Kit Carson explored Rockies in 1840s • Oregon Country jointly ruled by Britain & U.S. • Buchanan-Pakenham Treaty (1846) divided Oregon in half at 49th parallel Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

  3. Manifest Destiny • Coined by N.Y. journalist John O’Sullivan in 1845 • Symbolized belief that superior white, Christian civilization was destined to rule continent • Jackson’s Indian removal policy meant to clear the way for this • Ft. Laramie Conference (1851) began process of confining Plains Indians to reservations American Progress, by John Gast (1872)

  4. The Lone Star Republic • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) settled boundary with Mexico & added Florida • Mexico permitted American settlement, 1824-1830 • Organized by empresarios like Stephen Austin • 20,000 Americans in Texas by 1830 • Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico in 1834 • Sam Houston led Texas Revolution in 1836 • The Alamo (Feb. 23 – March 6, 1836) & Goliad Massacre (March 20) spurred rebels • Santa Anna captured at San Jacinto (April 21) & forced to grant Texas independence Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press The Alamo

  5. San Jacinto Monument Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

  6. Annexing Texas • Jackson tried to buy all of northern Mexico in 1835, but refused to submit annexation treaty in 1836 • John Quincy Adams staged 3-week filibuster in 1838 to prevent annexation • 1844 annexation treaty defeated when Secretary of State John Calhoun explicitly linked it to defense & expansion of slavery • Became key issue in 1844 campaign • James Polk demanded Oregon & Texas • Henry Clay backpedaled at last minute, costing him N.Y. & election • Lame-duck Congress passed joint resolution annexing Texas in 1845 Sam Houston

  7. Polk Provokes a War • John Slidell sent to Mexico, Dec. 1845 • Offered $25 million for California, New Mexico & territory north of Rio Grande • Rejected by resentful Mexican gov’t • Polk ordered Gen. Zachary Taylor’s troops to north bank of Rio Grande • Nueces River was boundary • Claimed “American blood shed on American soil” • Whigs opposed war, but voted to fund it to show patriotism

  8. The Mexican War (1846-1848) • Taylor’s army won battles of Monterrey (Sept. 1846) & Buena Vista (Feb. 1847) • Winfield Scott led amphibious invasion that captured Mexico City in Sept. 1847 • John Frémont & Stephen Kearny conquered California & New Mexico Copyright 2000, Bedford/St. Martin’s Press

  9. Battle of Monterrey (Sept. 1846)

  10. Gen. Scott Enters Mexico City

  11. The Results • The cost of war: • 12,876 U.S. soldiers dead • $98 million • Junior officers became Civil War generals • Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo (1848): • U.S. acquired California, New Mexico & rest of Texas (over 500,000 square miles) • 75,000 inhabitants would become U.S. citizens if they chose to stay • U.S. paid Mexico $15 million & assumed $3.25 million in U.S. citizens’ claims against Mexico Gen. Zachary Taylor Gen. Winfield Scott

  12. War Politicized Slavery Issue • Wilmot Proviso • David Wilmot was a Pennsylvania Democrat • Banned slavery in all territories acquired from Mexico • Calhoun Resolutions • John C. Calhoun argued territories were common possession of all states & citizens • Forbidding slave owners to bring slaves into territories violated 5th Amendment • Popular Sovereignty • Lewis Cass was a Michigan Whig turned Democrat • Argued each territory should decide slavery issue for itself David Wilmot Lewis Cass

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