California Geology

1. California Geology Agriculture Earth Science

2. Students will know the resources of major economic importance in California and their relation to California’s Geology. • Students will know the principle natural hazards in different California regions and the geologic basis of those hazards. • Students will know the importance of water to society, the origins of California’s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need. • Students will know how to analyze published geologic hazard maps of California and know how to use the map’s information to identify evidence of geologic events of the past and predict geologic changes in the future. State Standards: California Natural Resources and hazards

3. Students will be able to list the major resources of California and understand their relationship to California’s Agriculture industry. • Students will be able to describe the importance of water resources, where our water resources come from and how it affects agriculture in California. • Students will be able to list the California natural hazards and describe what they are. • WHY?: It is important that we understand California’s industry’s and the economic impact its natural resources have on our everyday lives from the water that flows through our faucets to the minerals that build and fund our state. Objectives WHY?

4. California water resources California Geology

5. Water Resources • Vital issue in California • Statistics show: California's Natural Resources

6. Urban water use • Homes • Businesses • Industry • Public services • Agricultural water use • Crops • Animals • Environmental water use • Streams • Plants and Trees • Wetlands • Fish and other animals • Coastal fresh water basins Average Water use in CA

7. Southern part of the state has 2/3 the population and 1/3 the water • Water is transferred from the North to the South • Why? To support its growing population and highly productive agriculture • Constructed infrastructure of dams, water diversions, aqueducts, canals and water storage reservoirs make this possible. • 80% of water goes to Agriculture Production CA Water Resources

8. California’s Agriculture productivity is the highest in the nation and one of the highest in the world. • Agriculture is California’s largest industry • Farm receipts total over $27 billion in 2001 • Because of California’s arid climate water is essential for crop irrigation. • Agriculture uses over 30% of California’s fresh water resources. Water and Agriculture

9. Mountain Watersheds • High Elevation snow packs supply rivers and other fresh water resources • Surface and Groundwater • Supplies most of CA surface water. • CA rivers have been dammed, channeled and diverted to control floods and supply water for hydroelectric power. Water Sources

10. Sea water contains salt • Salt must be removed from the water before it can be used as freshwater. • The process to do this is called reverse osmosis: water must be ran through a fine filter to remove the salt. • This process is very expensive • There is a reverse osmosis desalinization plant in Santa Barbara which was built in 1990’s but is no longer in use because of the high cost to operate. Why not the ocean?

11. Water resource issues in California involve both water supply and water pollution • Cities, farmers and environmentalists have battled over who will control California 's water. • Fundamental controversy surrounding California 's water supply is one of distribution. Water Issues

12. Within California, there are two major arteries serving as the sources of surface water for urban and agricultural areas: The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Bay-Delta) and the Colorado River. • Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta (Bay-Delta • Serves 2/3 the population or 22 million people • Decades-long conflicts between competing interests over the use of available supplies have been brought on by the state's swelling population and periods of drought. Water Issues

13. Major water sources

14. Bay Delta Area

15. The Los Angeles Metropolitan Water District is proposing to build a peripheral canal around the Delta in order to divert more water to Los Angeles.  This may have disastrous consequences for Discovery Bay.  Right now the L.A. Water district and other water contractors are running the show for this canal project. • The Delta is more than a “plumbing fixture” to export drinking water to Central and Southern California. The Delta is an important freshwater estuary: important for the ecosystem; important the local farmers and local economy; and important to thousands who enjoy swimming, fishing, boating, and water sports. Water Issues

17. California’s population currently is estimated at 35.5 million, and is projected to hit 49.3 million by 2025. • Decades-long conflicts between competing interests over the use of available supplies have been brought on by the state's swelling population and periods of drought. • Department of Water Resources (DWR) forecast a gap between water supply and demand ranging from 2.4 million acre-feet during normal years up to 6.2 million acre-feet in drought years by 2020. Water Issues

18. CALIFORNIA IS ONE OF the most biologically diverse areas in the world. • California is very rich in biological diversity, but a growing human population and resulting habitat destruction are threatening many ecosystems and species.  • One approach to balancing the conservation of at least some ecosystems with increasing urban development is the controversial Habitat Conservation Plan, authorized by the Endangered Species Act. • To save endangered species we must save their habitat. • Why should we save endangered species? Congress answered this question in the introduction to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (Act), recognizing that endangered and threatened species of wildlife and plants "are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the Nation and its people." Biodiversity/ Habitat Conservation

20. 1. Average water use in California goes towards what two major sectors? • 2. What are the major water sources in California? • 3. What are two major issues facing California and its water supply? • 4. What two major water sources supply southern California with water currently? Review

21. California mineral and energy resources California Geology

22. California uses a variety of energy sources including: • petroleum • natural gas • geothermal • hydroelectric • Nuclear • increasing amounts of renewable and alternative fuels, such as solar and wind energy.  • California has a very diverse mix of  fuel sources and technologies--one of the most balanced in the world. Energy Resources

23. Fossil Fuels are formed by organisms that die and accumulated on seafloors. Over time, oxygen poor sediments bury them. Over millions of years pressure from overlying rocks/sediments and the thermal energy from the earth turn the organic material into hydrocarbon molecules which are crude oil and natural gas. These are California’s most important fossil fuel resources. • California’s central valley was once an ancient sea floor that formed through tectonic activity. • California is the 4th largest producer of oil and a major producer of natural gas in the U.S. • We use more than we produce • CA imports 84% of the natural gas and 58% of the oil used Energy: Fossil Fuels

24. The earth’s internal thermal energy is released to the surface all around the world. This energy is called geothermal energy. Like mineral resources it can be concentrated in certain locations like • California’s tectonic activity concentrates the release of thermal energy in the form of hot water or steam which is used to generate electricity. Geothermal Energy

25. Geothermal Energy

26. California is also a leader in energy efficiency.  • The state has placed a priority on energy efficiency in buildings and appliances • California is 49th in energy consumption among the 50 states: that is, we use less energy per person than almost all the other states in the U.S., despite our prosperous and diverse economy. Energy Efficiency

27. In terms of energy use, about half the energy (49%) goes to transportation, about a quarter (27%) for industrial use, and the rest for commercial and residential uses.

28. California Energy resources

29. Petroleum (51%) of the primary energy • Primary energy is energy that is used directly, for instance, as fuel in cars).  • Natural gas was second (34%) • Nuclear (6%), • Hydroelectric (5%), • Geothermal (3%), • Coal (1%) • California produces about 45% of the energy, including about half the petroleum used, and 17% of the natural gas.  California Energy Resources

30. 1. What are California’s main energy resources? • 2. What are fossil fuels and how were they developed in California? • What is Geothermal Energy and how to we turn it into a energy source? Review

31. California Natural hazards California Geology

32. A natural disaster is a natural event with catastrophic consequences for living things in the vicinity. The human death toll resulting from natural disasters, however, depends on many factors which are not "natural" - emergency preparedness, for example. What are Natural Disasters?

33. Landslides • Volcano Eruption • River Flooding • Earth Quakes • Wildfires • Drought What types of natural disasters occur in California?

34. Map of Natural Disasters

35. Earthquakes occur in tectonic boundaries. • California has three tectonic plates come together. • Pacific Plate • West Section of California ( SF to Imperial) • North American Plate • East part of California • Gorda Plate • Northern part of California Earthquakes

36. Faults are fractures along plates where movement occurs. • Well known faults in California • San Andreas Fault • Ellsinore • San Jacinto • Hayward Fault • Calaveras Fault What are Faults?

37. Plate Boundary Map

38. California has several active and potential active volcanoes • Northern California- Cascade Range • Mt Shasta and Lassen peak • Eastern Sierra- Long Valley Volcanoes

40. Seismic sea waves caused by fault movement. • Since seismically active area possibility of a tsunami • Along the Cascadia subduction zone Tsunami

41. Tsunami

43. Floods are the stage at which rivers or dams over flow. It causes a sufficient magnitude of water to cause considerable flooding of land and roads and/or threat of significant hazard to life and property • California levees are in critical condition and need repair Floods

44. Flood Stages

45. Common in California, Natural part of the environment here • Mediterranean type climate- growth of plants winter and spring, dry out in summer • More growth equals more fuel • Plants adapt to regrow after fires • Fires natural caused by lightning • Following a fire the following usually happens- flooding, erosion, and landslides Wildfires

47. The down slope movement of soil and/or rock • An abrupt movement of soil and bedrock downhill in response to gravity. Landslides can be triggered by an earthquake or other natural causes. Undersea landslides can cause tsunamis. Landslides

48. Landslides

49. After the abundant rains in spring 2011, it would be easy to think that our water supply is endless. But it's important to remember that in California, the next drought may be just around the corner. Wasting even small amounts of water today means less water is available for the dry times we know will come again. Drought

50. 1. Name the types of energy California uses. • 2. Where does California rank in energy production? • 3. What is a natural disaster? • 4. What is California number one resource? • 5. Why is water a big debate? • 6. Who wants California’s water? • 7. What types of natural disasters effect California? • 8. Define each natural disaster. Review Sheet- Write the questions and then answer the question.