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Today

Today. Parts of vocal tract used in producing vowels Articulatory description of vowels IPA symbols for English vowels Speech Synthesis: brief intro Readings: 3.4, 14.4-14.5. Review of Consonants. Three-part Articulatory description of consonants: 1) Voicing 2) Place of articulation

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Today

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  1. Today • Parts of vocal tract used in producing vowels • Articulatory description of vowels • IPA symbols for English vowels • Speech Synthesis: brief intro Readings: 3.4, 14.4-14.5

  2. Review of Consonants Three-part Articulatory description of consonants: 1) Voicing 2) Place of articulation 3) Manner of articulation [d] = voiced alveolar stop

  3. Vowel articulation • Chambers in mouth • (above the glottis): • Oral cavity • Pharynx (behind tongue) • Area between lips • (Nasal cavity) • Length and shape of each chamber affect the ‘resonance’ (or the properties of the vibration) of vowel sound --- pharynx

  4. 1) Tip 2) body 3) root Tongue body position Saggital view of tongue positions in vowels Your turn...study aids! Listen & then practice front --> back; high --> low

  5. SOURCE SOURCE + FILTERS Cut and paste the following link into your web browser to hear the online demo: http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/vocal_vowels/vocal_vowels.html Duck call demo i u e o a

  6. Articulatory Description 4-part classification system for vowels: 1) Tongue height 2) Frontness vs. backness of tongue [3) Tenseness ** don’t need to know] 4) Lip rounding [ also (5) Nasality (in many languages)]

  7. Vowel height • High vowels: tongue body is raised • [i][I][u] [U] ‘beat’ ‘bit’ ‘boot’ ‘put’ • Mid vowels: tongue body is intermediate • [eI][E] [oU][ç][ ] • [e] [o] ‘bait’ ‘bet’ ‘boat’ ‘bought’ ‘butt’ ‘bore’* • Low vowels: tongue body is lowered • [Q] [a] ‘bat’ ‘bomb’ ‘bar’ √ [e] [espesijal] [eI] *[eIspeIsijal]

  8. high [u] [U] [i] [I] [´] [o] [√] [ç] [e] [E] mid [a] [Q] low Vowel height

  9. Vowel Backness* • Front vowels: tongue body is pushed forward • [i][I] [e][E] [Q] • Back vowels: tongue body is pulled back • [u] [U] [o][ç] [a] • Central vowels: tongue body is neutral • [ç][] √ *book calls this “retraction”

  10. Vowel Backness [u] [U] [i] [I] [´] [o] [√] [ç] [e] [E] [a] [Q] back central front

  11. Vowel Roundedness • Rounded: produced with rounded lips • [u] [o] [ç] [U] • Unrounded: produced with unrounded lips • [i] [e] [E] [Q] [a] [´] [] • Many languages also have front rounded vowels (e.g., French) lit “bed” lu “read” loup “wolf” [li] [ly] [lu] √

  12. round high [u] [U] [i] [I] [´][o] [ ][ç] [e] [E] mid [a] [Q] low front central back Vowel Roundedness ʌ

  13. [i] [o] [a] = High front unrounded = Mid back rounded = Low back unrounded Practice: Articulatory descriptions

  14. Diphthongs • Two-part vowel sounds consisting of transition from one vowel to another in same syllable [baI]‘buy’ [beI]‘bay’ [boU]‘bow (and arrow)’ [bçI]‘boy’ [baU] ‘bow (down)’

  15. Application: Speech Synthesis • Producing “human-like sounds” • Two basic approaches: mimic the sound or mimic the vocal tract shape • sound: splice recorded sounds • vocal tract shape: duck call (use ‘source-filter theory’: 1--generate a source, 2--generate a filter) • Text-to-speech (TTS) • grapheme > phoneme > speech (sound)

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