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Abacus

Abacus. ~3000 B.C. Beads for counting Merchants used for transactions. Pascal’s Pacaline. 1642 Numerical wheel calculator Used by tax collector 8 wheels with 10 notches Wheel moves 10x to move next wheel 1x Wheels represent 1s, 10s, 100s, etc Could only add.

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Abacus

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  1. Abacus • ~3000 B.C. • Beads for counting • Merchants used for transactions

  2. Pascal’s Pacaline • 1642 • Numerical wheel calculator • Used by tax collector • 8 wheels with 10 notches • Wheel moves 10x to move next wheel 1x • Wheels represent 1s, 10s, 100s, etc • Could only add

  3. Leibniz’s Mechanical Multiplier • 1694 • Used gears and dials • Add and multiply • Not until 1820 - mechanical calculator that could + - * /

  4. Jacquard’s Loom • 1820 • Used punched cards • Controlled patterns to be woven

  5. Babbage’s Difference Engine • 1822 • Perform differential equations • Powered by steam • Size of a steam engine • Could store a program • Worked on it for 10 yrs

  6. Babbage’s Analytical Engine • 1833 • 1st general purpose COMPUTER • 50,000 components • Size of a football field Never constructed • Worked with Countess of Lovelace - 1st programmer

  7. The store capacity was 1000 words of 50 decimal digits used to hold variables and results. The mill could accept operands from the store, add, subtract, multiply or divide them, and return a result to the store. Analytical Engine cont’d • 4 machines: • Store (memory) • Mill (computational unit • Input (punch card reader • Output - punched or printed

  8. Herman Hollerith • 1886 - 1890 • US census usually took 10 yrs • Hollerith used punched cards to store data and compiled data mechanically • Census took 6 weeks • Started IBM

  9. 1st Electronic Computer • 1940 • John Atanasoff & C. Berry • Used boolean algebra to circuitry • True/False = On/Off • Lost funding ….

  10. Atanasoff-Berry Computer • the size of a desk, • weighed 700 pounds, • had over 300 vacuum tubes, • contained a mile of wire. • could calculate about one operation every 15 seconds, • today a computer can calculate 150 billion operations in 15 seconds

  11. 1st Generation - 1945 - 56 • wwII = $$$ • Zuse - cpu- r airplane design • Clossus decoded German messages • Mark I inventor … “Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States" Howard Aiken, 1947.

  12. Mark I • 55 feet long x 8 feet high, 5-ton • 760,000 separate pieces. • gunnery and ballistic calculations • + - * /, 23 decimal places • Input: Pre-punched paper • Output: electric typewriter • Storage: mechanical wheels • Speed: 1 multiplication -->3-5 seconds

  13. Eckert’s ENIAC • 1940s • Used 18000 vacuum tubes • 160 Kilowatts • General purpose computer • 1000x faster than Mark I

  14. ENIAC • $500,000 • 167 square meters, 30 tons • 357 multiplications in 1 second • Input: card reader, re-wiring - would take weeks • Output: printed • Speed : 357 multiplications in 1 second

  15. John von Neuman’s EDVAC • 1945 • Stored memory • Stop and resume • Central processing unit (CPU) • Commercially available in 1951 as UNIVAC I • Large and expensive

  16. 1st Generation Vacuum Tubes • Unique operating instructions • Different machine languages • Difficult to program • Big, expensive, and “buggy” • Magnetic drums for storage

  17. 2nd Generation - 1956 - 63 • Used transistors • Smaller, faster, more reliable • Not as warm • Assembly language used

  18. UNIVAC • $1,000,000 • Input: magnetic tape/ card reader • Output: tape, printer, card • Speed: multiply time of 1,800 microseconds

  19. Commercial successes • Bought by business, universities, and governments • General Electric - payroll • Used printers, tape and disk storage, memory, Operating systems, & stored programs 1952: UNIVAC Computer Used to Predict the 1952 US Election, Walter Cronkite reading printer output, tape drives in background

  20. Companies of the Day • Burroughs • IBM • Sperry-Rand • Honeywell • Others …. IBM 701 1952

  21. Programming Languages • Langauges gave cpu flexibility • Stored programs • High level languages -(COBOL, FORTRAN) • New career --> programmer, anaylst, system experts….

  22. 3rd Generation 1964 - 71 • Transistor replaced with IC - Integrated circuit • 3 components on a silicon disc • Smaller, faster • OS allowed multi-tasking

  23. PDP-1 • $120, 000 • OS allowed multi-users • Spacewrs was first game (2 player) • Output: Cathode-Ray Tube

  24. 4th Generation 1971 - Present • Large scale integration (LSI) 100 of components on a chip • VLSI - 100,000 components • ULSI - millions of components • Increased power, efficiency, & reliability

  25. Intel 4004 Chip • 1971 • Microprocessor • All parts (Cpu, memory, input and output controls) on a chip • Multi-purpose - cars, fridges, microwaves, tv • Made for general consumer

  26. Companies of the day • Radio Shack • Apple • Commodore • IBM • Atari (1980)

  27. Applications of the Day • Spreadsheet • Word Processors • Video Games • Pac-Man, Visicalc - Apple 1979

  28. IBM’s PC • Personal computer • Home, office, school • 2 million in 81, 65 million in 92 • Desktop - -> laptop • DOS … typed line commands

  29. Apple’s Macintosh • 1984 • Used mouse to move or select icons … no typing • 512 Kb of memory

  30. Basic Parts of a Computer PROCESS OUTPUT INPUT

  31. Hardware • The physical parts of a computer. • If you can touch it is hardware

  32. Input Devices • To get information into the processor • Keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen, switches, camera, microphone, joystick ...

  33. Output Devices • Converts processed information into a form that can be used by/ aids humans • Printer, monitor, speaker, switches,

  34. Parts of the CPUCentral Processing Unit Central Processing Unit CPU Arithmetic Logic Unit ALU OUTPUT INPUT Control Unit Main Memory Unit

  35. Arithmetic UnitALU • Does all of the arithmetic and logic • Arithmetic : + - x / • Logic: = <>, < , > <=, >= • Computers convert everything to numbers and perform these operations….

  36. Control Unit • Controls the parts of the computer • Tells the printer when to print • Tells the cpu that keys are being pressed • The Central Nervous System of the computer

  37. RAM Random access memory. Where application and data are stored while being used. Can be changed. Lost when power is off. Memory • ROM • Read Only Memory • The initial instructions to get the computer working. • Cannot be erased. • Not lost when power is off.

  38. Software • The information (instructions or data) that the computer processes • Stored on hardware • Loaded into RAM when used. • More RAM = more applications, larger documents,

  39. Three Classifications of Software • Operating System: the instructions that run the computer (DOS, Windows, Mac OS, Linux, …) • Applications… the programs that allow you to do specific activities (wp, ss, games, …) • Data - the information that is being processed (documents, files, images …)

  40. External Storage Devices • Used to store data until it is needed again. • Disks (floppy, harddrives), CD, DVD, Tape, Flash Memory.

  41. Local Area Networks(LAN) • Computers and resources connected together to share resources • CWSS’s LAN --- 200 CPUs and servers, printers, ….

  42. Wide Area NetworkWAN • A network of computers and resources over a larger area. • OCDSB …. 200 sites and connection to internet

  43. Internet • International Network • Shared resources world wide • Files, e-mail, web pages … • “Information Highway”

  44. World Wide Web(WWW) • Browse web pages on servers located on internet • EXPLORER, NETSCAPE, …. And FIREFOX (new)

  45. 5th Generation • Still to come … • AI … artificial intelligence • Voice recognition • ……

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