1. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM Challenges to Global Issues "ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND DEGRADATION IN INDONESIA" PROCEEDINGS Palu, September 17, 2011 ISBN 978- 602-8247- 32-4 Published by International Board of Affair Tadulako University 2011

2. Eiter-in-lhief Mery Napitupulu (Tadulako University, Indonesia) ERitorial Þoard Uswah Hasanah (Tadulako University, Indonesia) Andi Arham Adam (Tadulako University, Indonesia) Geoffrey A. Lawrance (The University of Newcastle, Australia) (Tadulako University, Indonesia) Marsetyo (Tadulako University, Indonesia) (Heidelberg University, Germany) Wahyuningsih Peter Combo

3. International Symposium Challenges to Global lssues: Emvironmæntal Polltion and Degrodation in (ndonesia 17 September 201 1, Palu, Central Sulawesi, lndonesia TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT. PREFACE... REPORT OF ORGANIZING COMMITTEE WELCOME ADDRESS GOVERNOR OF CENTRAL SULAWESI OPENING REMARKS RECTOR OF TADULAKO UNIVERSITY.. Application of Systen1 Engineering Approach for Waste Management System ... 6 The application of ridged terrace to control runoff and erosion in cacao plantation in Gumbasa Watershed Central Sulawesi... The Role of Indigenous Community in Preventing Environmental Degradation: Study of Kajang. The Importance of Regulation and Structuring To Reduce Environmental Degradation in Gold Mining Area of Poboya. The Development of Community Based Forest Management Unit (CBFMU) To Empower Forest Community The Estimation of Methane Production by Ruminants in Indonesia and Feeding Strategies to Control Its Ermission.... Mercury Pollution Assessment in Palu, Central Sulawesi. Sustainable Land Resource Management Strategy in the Upper Watershed of Palu (Case Study of Miu Sub Watershed in Sigi Regency)..... Antioxidant Examination and Cream Formulation of Black.Tea (Camellia Sinensis L) Extract As a Skin Protector from Free Radicals Interference ... Mercury Content in Commercial Whitening Cregms in Palu, Central Sulawesi Mercury released from Small-Scale Gold Mining and its Impacts on the Environment in Indonesia.... 3 28 37 48 .. 57 69 e. 76 to 87 100 l11 Typha latifolia as a candidate of lead (Pb) phytoremediator in the waters arronnd Lapindo mud at Sidoarjo, East Java Province, Indonesia Biopori as Stabilization of Soil Damage and Flood Control Technology....soo Bacterial Mer Genes Are Potential Genetic Material for Bioremediation on Mercury Polution Pp-DDT Biodegradation By Bacterial Consortium And Single Isolates ...153 Technical Anticipation in Managing the Poluted Alr Environment... wo127 oe137 coosnl45 167 Spatial distribution of atmospheric mereury in Pau City, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia AUTHOR NDEX.... s177 ...187

4. International Symposium Challenges to Global Issues 17 Septcmbcr 201 I, P'alu, (entral Sulawesi, deia Technical Anticipation in Managing the Poluted Air Environment vit onmena Polltim atgor in Iwan Setiawan Basrt' and Rosmiaty Ariin Loturer at Faculty of Enginering Tadulako hivesity, Pu, Central Sulaweni, Indneis Latrer at Pacukty of Enginering, Muhammadiyah Univerity, Palu "Coresponding email : iwan sb72 Qynhoo.com ABSTRACT : Human beings and environmental resources are one unity in he iiviny environment. Environmental resources as a need have limitation, so that they must be managed well. Otherwise, future generation woukán't be able to use them This paper which describes techniques how to anticipate the environment with air pollution. Descriptive method is used to describe the findings systematically. The result shows there are five dangerous chemical substances as the causes of air pollution; (1) Ozone (O). (2) Carbon Oxides, (C0 and CO), (3) Sulfur Oxides (SO, and SO), (4) Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO) and Molecular particles (dust, acids, pesticides, etc). How to manage air pollution needs different ways, but the most important point is it must be started from planning, controlling, observing and evaluating. Keywords: Air Pollution, Technical Anticipation, Air Environmental Management INTRODUCTION Environmental resources as the physical and spiritual need have limitation so that it must be used logically for the needs of future generation. However, besides their limitation and availability, such resources must be managed well. Human beings have ability to connect to the past event, current event and the future only based on the phenomenon happened. Human beings can predict the future event so what happen in the future can be known earlier. High technology reflects that there is sustainable development in the human life. In fact. such technology brings effects to decrease the quality of the environment such as air pollution. Therefore, techniques anticipation to manage the cavironment with air polhution be the topic of this paper. The objective of this study is to investigate techniques how to nanage the environment with air pollution. Mizan (in Setiawan, 2010) stated that air polution is related to hazardous pollutant particles which are contain in air. The particles are are mostly come fom industry and ransportation sectors. Air pollution also affects the global and local climate. Many barzards will threaten human beings and the environment if they were not anticipated. paticles such as sulfur oxides (SO, and SO), oxides of Nitrogen (NO, and NO:) will be dissolved with 167

5. Intcrnational Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Evironental Pollutlon and Degradation in Indon:sia 17 Septembar 2011, Palu, Ccntral Sulawesi, Indoncsia water vapor, falls as acid rain, because air pollution is affecting the whole mankind, so the steps need to be comprehensive. It can be concluded that the air is a constant supply of environmental resources and are always available therefore it is essential to life, therefore knowing, understanding and implementing suitable techniques to manage the air pollution cannot be ignored. Sastrawijaya (2000) explained that there are five dangerous chemical substances as the causes of air pollution as follows ; 1) Ozone (O:), 1) Carbon Oxides (CO and CO2), 3) Sulfur Oxides (SO, and SO), 4) Nitrogen Oxides (NO, NO; and N20), and 5) Molecular Partickes (dust, acid, pesticide, etc). The five elements of air cannot exceed the limit required for inhaled. From the results and discussion will be known in detail how the techniques anticipation to manage the environment with air pollution. It is recommended that in the polluted air environments, different technical approaches according to its characteristics is required, aways starting. from planning, controlling and monitoring and evaluation. METHOD Descriptive method is used to describe the findings from several sources systematically, so that the description about the form of how to manage air pollution from different types and elements are found. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Air as the useable resOurces. Cutter (in Fandeli, 2004) classifies air as natural resources which its availability is relatively constant, no matter how much it is used. We can imagine if we lost it. No wind. cloud, rain and fire. All ofus cannot see sun and even we cannot find plant and animal. If there is no air, sun radiation is very danger. Temperature fluctuates from 100 Cat noon to -185°Cin the evening. If there is no air, human beings may not be at the earth. Air is the element that manages our environment and its features. The development in all sectors, especially in the urban area and the increase of the population and its mobility give contribution to the air pollution. To minimize the effect of such pollution, several ways are needed. Current effect needs planning how to control and to manage so that availability and stability of the resources can be reached. The resources can be sustainable for the use of future generation. 168

6. International Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Ervironnnental Pollution and Degradtion in bdonesla 17 September 2011, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indoncsiu Sastrawijaya (2000) explained that there are five dangerous chemical substances as the causes of air pollution as follows: 1) Ozone (O;), 2) Carbon Oxides (CO and CO), 3) Sulfur Oxides (SO, and SO), 4) Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO), 5) Molecular Particles (dust, acid, pesticide, etc) Development in all sectors has given beneficial to human life. It is reflected in the increase of human life. In fact they also give disadvantages to the human life. The impact of the massive development makes the earth lost its balance. Development in the sector of industry and transportation is a part of the development as a caused of air pollution. It contributes much to the air pollution besides other causes such as forest fire. The fact described above is a problem for those who live in the urban area, particularly those who live in the big cities where there many factories and vehicles. Both of those bring out the gas and particles as the causes the air pollution. Salim in Basuki (2002) states that there are several ways in supporting sustainable development as follows; 1) Natural resources management is done well to avoid the damage of the environment. 2) Having understanding that environment has limitation to absorb the pollution caused by improper usage. 3) Having efort to use natural resources and energy as efficient as possible in sustainable development 4) Applying feasibility study of environment toward the development project, besides feasibility study of economic. 5) Developing the role of the community in considering that natural resources haye been used for the prosperity of the community. It is clear that by paying attention and understanding well from the community and the stakeholders as has been described above, the effect of ar polution will help to create sustainable environmental development. Causes of Air Pollution Air pollution is caused by all dirty substances released rom any sources to earth. The causes of air polution are divided into two kinds; natural and anthropogenic. The 169

7. Intermational Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Environnental Pollution ond Degradation in Indonesia 17 Seplember 2011, Palu, Central Sulawesi, hdonesia government rule relating to the air management in Indonesia written in PP No. 41/1999 which defines that any efforts and activities that make air polhuted are identified as the cause of air pollution. It also identifies the causes of air pollution into five categories as follows; 1) Moving resources ; emission released from moving vehicles 2) Specifc moving resources; the emission released from moving vehicles describe above but it is fom train, plane, boat any other heavy duty vehicles 3) Unmoving resources; emission released in one place only 4) Specific unmoving resources; emission released in one place but it is fromn forest fre and damp fire. 5) Resources from the use of air media such as noise, vibration, and any other disruption. Nurdin et al (2004) classify the cause of pollution based on WHO that is air pollution from unmoving resources, moving resources and resources from building or room. Figure 1. Moving and Unmoving resources ofAir Pollution (source : www. pollutionpictures.blogspot.com/2011/07/air-pollution-in-american-cities.html) Figure 2:MoVing Tesourcesor Af Pöilutiön(sÖurce: www. polüionpicluresAblogspO, com/2011/07/air-pollution-in-africa.html) 170

8. International Symposium Challenges to Global lssues: Environmnental Pollution and Degradation in ndonesia 17 September 2011, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indoncsia Air and its quality Soemarvwoto (2004) states that air is creatcd from gas, water evaporate and dust. We need oxygen to breath, so that the air must be qualified to human health and the ecology of the air it self. In other part, it is described that gas in the air comes from several sources, decomposition of organic substances that produce gas as the result of improper living envronment sanitation. Damp fre and fuel from houses, vehicles and factories are air polution resources. The good quality of the air according to Sastrawijaya (2004) consists of composition of the gas described clean air containing nitrogen (N, 78%), oxygen, argon (02, Ar 0.940) carbon dioxide (0.03% CO2), helion (he 0.01%), neon (Ne 0.01%), krypton (Kr 0.01%) as well as methane, carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH), nitrate oxide (N20) and hydrogen sulfide (H,S) in very little. Table 1. Index Air Pollution Standard Description Average Category The quality of the air that doesn't give effect to human and animal health and doesn't give impact to plant, building and esthetic value. The quality of the air that doesn't effect to human and animal health, but gives impact to sensitive plant and esthetic value The quality of the air that give bad effect to human and sensitive animal or it can damage the plant and esthetic value the quality of the air that gives bad effect to almost all population the quality of the air that gives very serious effect to all population 0-50 Good 51-100 Medium 101 - 199 Unhealthy 200 299 Very unhealthy Danger Sorce: Dede Nurdin. elal. 200,. guoled from Definlst Indeks Slandar Pencemar Udara > 300

9. Intemational Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Fnvironmenal Pollution nd Degradatlon In Indonesia 17 Septcmber 2011, Palu, Central Sulawesi, Indoncsia Air Pollution and Environmental Management Ar Pollution Air pollution can be occurred at homes, industries, transportation, offices, fire forest, etc. Setiawan (2010) states that air pollution can be happen inside and outside of the room, at urban area, regional area and even it becomes global symptom In addition, Setiawan (2010) mentions that the air pollution generally is caused by humans' activities in fulfilling their first and secondary needs. There are rumor saying that let the environment polluted, while the industry rose up. In other parts, it says that the development of the industry is not needed if it destroys the environment. Both rumors mentioned above are very serious and they need rational air management, so that the balance of sbort, medium and long term usage can be reached. Discussing the theory of the air resources management is not as easy as applying the theory in the field as air cannot be seen and it is dynamist. Ruslan (1998) states that object of air environment management is dynamist environment or uncertain. Dynamist as it is based on one another. It is uncertain as the atmosphere always changes. That is way; it is difficut to reach the implementation of the development. The air that we breathe everyday cannot be separated in pieces. That is way, the pollution in one place can be felt from other places. Pollution made by one person can be breathed by others. Based on consequences mentioned above, to keep the quality of the air shoukd be considered. Satsrawijaya (2000) divides the air pollution into three categories as follows; 1) The movement of the surface as the main cause of solid particle pollution at the air and the size can be varied. 2) Evaporation is the phase of change of gas liquid. Air is polluted by the substances that are evaporated easily/invisible. 3) Fire is the chemical reaction which runs quickly ldynamist and realizes energy, light or heat, Air is subjected polluted if it has passed the ambient air grade such as the increase of the carbon dioxide (C02) at the air will stimulus the increase of earth temperature.

10. International Sympnium hallenees to Global Isucs Fmýronmen 17 Sentembr 201I, Pal, entral Slna i deia Techniques Anticipation of Air Environment Management The way to mange ait envinonmnt from gae polhdan can te kone n several ways arl arproachcs in on lochnique and tehnqK Non te hnxqe appeomh can te in om o policy instnument aplicaton alut natural an environnental rewurces maragement. quality standard, inproving the awarenes from community (stakeho kders) to conerve living envinonment However, in form of technique appoach is techrokgy applkat on Polfi (i a. Air Pollution from Ozne Gas (0,) and its Management Air pollution from Ozone (O) is chemical molecuke comes from thrce atoms which stick cach other and they are energized. If ozone is energizced with other substances, they realize chemical energy quickly. As the form of ozone molecule is as solar energy with photochemical reaction from pollution, it will increase ozone concentration during the day. Ifit reaches 0, 08 ppm, it will disturb our health, if it will activate for eight hours The way how to anticipate such effect is by decreasing the use of chlorofluocarbon (CFC) in industrial production such as at the cover of aerosol and fridge. b. Air Pollution from Carbon dioxide (CO and CO) and its Management The most factor caused the air pollution is gas realized by industry and vehick such as Carbon dioxide (CO) and even polluted gas from houses such as gas from stove, smoke from cigarette and fire, even though they don't contain poisonous gas, they still can increase carth temperature. CO; in the air will be used by living creature; some will become dissolved in the sea water. CO, will also react in the air with silicate stone. Basuki (1992) mentions Air Pollution Management based on the Badan Proteksi Lingkungan (EPA) determine content standard CO in the air; carbon monoxide concentration must not reach 9 ppm for 8 bours continuously and is not in one period of one hour. The way how to anticipate the case above can be done through forest conservation program, cities forest program, reforestation in which the function of the forestation is the ability to absorb CO, pollution substances as during the photosynthesis, the ability to absorb heat makes the air surroundings turn into cod. In line with that, Pherson (1998) explains that the surface of the leaves has an ability to absorb several CO, at the alr to produce enough air used by one human to breathe per year. 173

11. Internatioal Synpium Challergs to (okal rer 17 Sepeme 20, Pal Central Sdaweá, ineeia irmeg Polli d The arca that is covered by plant AN wide as 1n, compare to the area with 21% of plant cover. It is only he able to ahsotb CO, for 40 tha In addition there are several ways to optimize the role of de forestation as follows, 1) Planting the trees which have ability to abeorb the air pollution ubstanc es of CO, 2) Changing the death trees as soon as possible. 3) Creating the variety of living matter at the citics forest area 4) Choosing the varieties of plant which is suitable with kind of land, local climate so that the plant can grow and absorb C0,. S) Considering the time of growing as the plant which grows carlier will has the opportunity to absorb. will te able to atorh CO, for I19 tha c. Air Pollution from Sulphuric Oxide (SO, and S0,) and its Management SO; standard for industrial area and settlement should be differentiated as described in the following table 2. Table 2. Maximum Concentration SO2 with duration Maximum Concentration SO Settlement 0,025 bpj 0,10 bpj 0,02 bpi Average Period Industrial/trade area 0,40 bpj 0,20 0,05 bpi One hor 24 bours .One year bpj Source :A. Tresna Sastrawijaya, Pencemaran Lingkngan, Rineka Cpta,Jakaria 2000 Sastrawijaya (2000) states that sulfur oxides is uncolored gas which is dangerous for human, including SOz, H,S, and H,SO, as the acid and salt in form of aerosol in the ai. Then H2S is produced through spoiling organic substances, eruption, and a little bit from industry. The amount of SO is 80% H2S Oxide and the rest 20% SO, and from human is fuel that contains sulfur, melting of non-fera, oil refinery, coal industry and so on. Air containing sulfur r may cause acid rain and will pollute the environment of plant, animal and even human. The effort to manage the air environment to anticipate the pollution as the cause of sulfur oxides is by cleaning the SO, in industrial factory which produces sulfur oxides waste such in oil refinery; coal industry, etc even though those technology is expensive.

12. International Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Environnmental Pollution und Degrukuion in ndonesia 17 September 2011, Palu, Ccntrnl Sulawesi, Indonesia d. Air Pollution from Nitrogen Oxides (NO,NO), and N,0) and its Management Air pollution with nitrogen oxide has reached significant point; about 10% from air polluted gas. Besides the case, nitrogen is very important in balancing the earth cycle; about 78%. In the book Pencemaran Udara written by Sastrawijaya (2000), it is stated tnat flash and cosmic are able to stick nitrogen and form the compound from other substances. It produces the compound which is important to the growing of animal and plant. The cycle is very complex so that it is unknown and may be human has given bad impact to the process of it, The way to manage the air pollution to anticipate the condition of the pollution as the cause of nitrogen oxide is by decreasing and limiting high temperature of burning from industrial factories and oil refinery. The form of sulfur oxides is also the result of production of nitrate acid, sulfate acid, substance synthesis between nylon and carbon oxide which always ocur during the process of machine igntion in high temperature. That is way; planning, controlling and observing are needed. e. Air Pollution from Molecular and its Management Molecular particle containing in the air is very dangerous for human health. The sources of which are from factory chinney and those particles are in the air for several days. However the duration of the particles staying in the air depends on the size of the particles. The less the particle, the more opportunity to stay in the air. The bigger particles will come down to the carth faster. The size of the particles is from 0.1 to 10 micron and the particles are from the natural process and human waste. They may be in form of carbon, carbon black, dust, grease. oil and pieces of metal. Ihe way to m¡nage the air pollution to anticipate such condtion as the cause of molecular particles is by applying fltering technology. The factory needs to settle its chimney with the filter in which the size is as small as the particle produced so that it will catch very tiny particles from the chimney. 175

13. International Symposium Challenges to Global Issues: Evironmental Pollutlon 17 Sqplembar 2011, Palu, Central Suluwesi, Indoncsia d Degradatlon In Indonesla On of the ways to anticipate air pollution from the molecular is by retaining particle in the big opened pail or adhesive plate of glass so that the particles cough can be measured and analyzed to determine the way to anticipate. REFERENCES FANDEL, CHAFD, 2004, Strategi Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam, PPS Imu Lingkungan UGM, Yogyakarta. MC.PHERSON, JULY 1998, Carbon Dioxide by Urban Forest, Journal of Arboriculture, Pennsylvania State University, USA NURDIN, DEDE DKK, 2007, Udara Bersih Hak Kita Bersama, Pelangi Publisher Jakarta RUSLAN, 1988, Ekologi Lingkungan Pencemar, Staya Wacana, Semarang SASTRAWIJAYA, A.TRESNA, 2000, Pencemaran Lingkungan, PT. Rineka Cipta, Jakarta SETIAWAN B, IWAN, 2010, Bahan Ajar Ilmu Lingkungan, Jurusan Teknik Arsitektur UNTAD, SOEMARWOTO, OTTO, 2006, Atur Diri Sendiri ; Paradigma Baru Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta TRI BASUKI, KRIS, 2002, Pengelolaan Pencemaran Udara, Yayasan Lingkungan Hidup, Yogyakarta 176