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Understanding Heat Transfer in Earth Systems

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This chapter, taught by Dr. George A. Maul, delves into the principles of heat transfer, focusing on the various forms such as radiation, sensible heat, and evaporation. It examines the complexities of heat fluxes, including solar radiation and back radiation from Earth, while explaining concepts like the solar constant and greenhouse effect. Key thermal dynamics such as Earth's temperature and albedo are explored, along with practical applications in understanding seasonal thermoclines and sea surface temperatures. This content provides a foundational overview for students studying ocean and climate science.

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Understanding Heat Transfer in Earth Systems

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  1. OCN 5401 Chapter 3 Heat Transfer Instructor: Dr. George A. Maul gmaul@fit.edu / X 7453

  2. Heat Flux(W·m-2 = J·s-1·m-2) • Qs – radiation from the sun • Qb – back radiation from Earth • Qe – evaporative heat loss or gain • Qh – sensible heat loss or gain • Qv – advective heat loss or gain Qt = Qs – Qb – Qe – Qh – Qv

  3. Radiation Paths irradiance reflected V1 V2 scattered refracted absorbed Index of Refraction (η2/η1) = V1/V2 ηwater-air = 1.333 (at 20°C) transmitted Willebrord Snell

  4. Solar Spectrum Max Planck

  5. CSUN: What is the solar constant? where If TSUN = 5775K, QSUN = ?

  6. The solar constant isn’t constant! SOHO

  7. Albedo

  8. Distribution of Water and Land Solar Heating Inflow = Outflow CSUN(1-A)πr2 = 4πr2σT4 If A=0.3 and CSUN=1367 W·m-2, what is T=?

  9. Earth’s mean temperature balance requires an extra term QGHE: What is the greenhouse effect? TEarth: What is Earth’s temperature? A: Is Earth’s albedo fixed?

  10. How would Earth’s temperature change if the albedo changed from 30% to 29%? minus If TEARTH(A=30%) = 288K, TEARTH(A=29%) = ?

  11. Relative Humidity (RH) and Saturation Vapor Pressure (es) Example: RH = ? Tair = 30°; Tdew point = 10° es = 39 mb; eair = 12 mb

  12. Evaporation from the Sea Surface Qe = ρwaterE·L E is in meters per second, and latent heat of evaporation L= 2495 x 103 J·kg-1

  13. Seasonal Thermocline

  14. Seasonal Sea Level

  15. Satellite Imagery Infrared Image

  16. Upper few millimeters of the Sea Surface

  17. Sea Surface Temperature (SST) – Skin Temperature and Bulk Temperature

  18. OCN 5401 Chapter 3 Questions?

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