General Motors Electrification of the Automobile

1. General Motors Electrification of the Automobile David Pugh 21st July 2009

2. 20201.1 billion vehicles Circle the earth 125 times 15% vehicle ownership

3. Roughly Half of the known global oil reserves are used up North America Latin America West Europe and Africa MiddleEast East Europe Far East and Pacific Produced Reserves Source: Comité professionel du pétrole

4. GM Environmental Strategy– removing the automobile from the energy and environmental equation Reduced Petroleum Consumption Improved Vehicle Fuel Economy & Emissions Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles Propulsion System Battery Electric Vehicles (E-REV) Alternative Fuel Vehicles IC Engine and Transmission Improvements Time Fuel Infrastructure Petroleum (Conventional & Alternative Sources, CNG) Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Biogas, Biodiesel) - Electricity Hydrogen 4

5. GM offering a range of technologies – not one “solution” 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Conventional Fuel (petrol/diesel) FlexFuel EVs Fuel Cell

6. Multiple advantages with E85 in near-term Relatively inexpensive CO2 emissions reductions Improved Energy security and independence Stimulate growth in agriculture Simple for customer Ethanol benefits Easy for producers and distributors Greater benefits from 2nd generation biofuels Cost-effective vehicle technology

7. Ethanol : potential to reduce CO2 emissions from well to wheel up to 70% 200 180 160 Note: Ethanol = 100% 140 120 100 WTW GHG Emissions [g CO2eq/km] 80 60 40 20 0 Gasoline Diesel Bio-Diesel (FAME) CNG (pipeline CBG Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol Ethanol (Sugarcane) (wheat, NGGT+ CHP) (sugar beet) 4tkm) (municipal (wheat straw, waste) lignocellulose CNG Compressed Natural Gas CBG Compressed Bio-Gas CHP Combined Heat and Power NG GT Natural Gas Turbine - IOGEN) Source: EUCAR-JRC-CONCAWE Joint WTW-Study, Update 2006

8. Overcoming range anxiety – Electric Vehicles • Many technologies available to reduce CO2 emissions on a well-to-wheel basis but the challenge is always refuelling infrastructure. • fuel providers have always been reluctant to make early investments before significant volumes of vehicles are on the road • Consumer won’t buy the vehicles unless infrastructure is widely available • From EV-1, we learned that: • Consumers don’t want to take the risk of being stranded • Consumers don’t want to wait for a ubiquitous refuelling infrastructure • Consumers don’t want to have own/rent second vehicle for longer trips • In short, most consumers won’t make sacrifices for a low carbon car 8

9. Successfully Establishing E-REV as a New Propulsion Category PHEV : Plug-in hybrid primary fuel: petroleum EV : Electric vehicle Limited vehicle range EREV : Extended-range electric vehicle practical zero emission vehicle

10. The Vauxhall Ampera • E-REV – Extended Range Electric Vehicle • Electrically driven (NOT a hybrid) • 40 Miles of pure battery range – average persons commute in the UK • On board generator to recharge the battery when depleted – overcome range anxiety • On board generator takes the form of an conventional internal combustion engine which can deliver several hundred miles of extended range • Vehicle emits below 40g CO2/km based on the current EU test cycle. • Meets all EU safety standards • Due to arrive as RHD in UK by 2012

11. Lithium Ion Battery • •16 kWh (8kWh usable) • •High energy, high power in minimized package • •Charged in approx. 3 hours @ 230 Volts, • about 8 hours @ 110 Volts • •10 years life/240,000 km

12. E-Rev meets consumers needs In Europe over 75% of customers commute 60 Kmor less daily 29% 22% 17% 10% 8% 7% 5% 3% 2 - 10 12 - 20 22 - 30 32 - 40 42 - 50 52 - 60 62 - 70 >70 miles 12

13. Enablers for early commercialisation • Strategic Policy required to send complementary signals to vehicle producers, consumers, infrastructure providers • Enablers for vehicle producers: • support for continued development via “Super Credits” in EU CO2 legislation for cars under 50g CO2/km • Support for continued research to improve battery technology and reduce costs • Consumers; • Rebate at purchase to offset initial premium costs • Free access to city parking, recharging bays • Accelerated depreciation to encourage company car fleets. • Infrastructure providers: • Roll-out plan for recharging infrastructure – enable private home, multi resident, shopping centres charging • Building standards revised to require easily accessible recharging points • Initial volume to use off-peak power • Match growth on demand to additional renewable energy capacity

14. In the future, E85 will continue to play an important role with electric mobility • GM’s Extended Range Electric Vehicle Technology • Electric Drive vehicle with on-board generator to provide full driving range • E-85 capable

15. The future – Hydrogen fuel cell • Part of GM’s fleet of over 100 4th generation Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles • The World’s largest FCEV market test • Gain experience from “real world” driving • Get customer feedbackon vehicle and refueling

16. GM HydroGen 4 • Fourth generation fuel cellpropulsion system withimproved every-day suitability,performance and durability • Capable to start and operatein sub-freezing temperatures • Acceleration (0-100 km/h): 12 s • Top speed: 160 km/h • Customer friendly refueling • Fuel: 4.2 kg CGH2 (700 bar) • Fast fill: 3 min. • Range: 320 km

17. GM Alternative Technologies available in Europe E-85 CNG • Saab 9-3 BioPower 1.8t (Sport Saloon, Sport Wagon & Convertible) • Saab 9-5 BioPower 2.0t & 2.3t (Saloon & Estate) Zafira 1.6 CNG Combo 1.6 CNG E-REV (2011-2012) LPG: For each model, Chevrolet offers at least 1 LPG version: Matiz / Aveo/ Lacetti / Nubira / Epica / Captiva Opel/Vauxhall Ampera Chevrolet Volt

18. Thank you - any questions ?