The Early United States

1. The Early United States Unit 3 SSUSH 6

2. SSUSH 6 – The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation. • Explain the Northwest Ordinance’s importance in the westward migration of Americans, and on slavery, public education, and the addition of new states. • Describe Jefferson’s diplomacy in obtaining the Louisiana Purchase from France and the territory’s exploration by Lewis and Clark.

3. SSUSH 6 – The student will analyze the nature of territorial and population growth and the impact of this growth in the early decades of the new nation. • Explain the major reasons for the war of 1812 and the war’s significance on the development of a national identity. • Describe the construction of the Erie Canal, the rise of New York City, and the development of the nation’s infrastructure. • Describe the reasons for and importance of the Monroe Doctrine.

4. The Northwest Ordinance • After the French and Indian War, Britain took possession of the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi • Following the American revolution, the Continental Congress passed the Northwest Ordinance in 1787. • It divided the area into smaller territories and provided guidelines for new states SSUSH 6a

5. SSUSH 6a

6. The Northwest Ordinance • The law resulted in the formation of five states: Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, and Wisconsin. • The Ordinance made slavery illegal in the new territories (unless settlers already had slaves) • Many free blacks moved north of the Ohio River but were meet with discrimination SSUSH 6a

7. Northwest Ordinance • When a territory reached 60,000 people, it could apply for statehood. • East coast states had to relinquish their claim to this territory. • Although not enforce, Indians were not to be removed from their lands – American troops defeated them later to allow more settlers. SSUSH 6a

8. Expansion and Education • Acquisition of the Northwest territory impacted education. • Leaders wanted to make sure that the country maintained a sense of unity and “national values” (patriotism) • They used public education as a tool to encourage these principles. • Many new state constitutions required public education. SSUSH 6a

9. Noah Webster • Key leader in the educational movement. • Compiled the first US dictionary that included words and spellings distinct to the US rather than British versions. • Played a major role in forging a national language and helped to unify the educational standards of the day. SSUSH 6a

10. The Louisiana Territory • Thomas Jefferson wanted to secure the United States trading on the Mississippi River. • He sent representatives to France to negotiate to purchase the city of New Orleans. • Napoleon was not interested because he wanted to revive the French colonial empire. SSUSH 6b

11. The Louisiana Territory • Slaves in the French colony of Haiti revolted and the British resumed its war with France – Napoleon needed cash. • He offered to sell the entire Louisiana Region for $15 million dollars (3 cents per acre) • Jefferson believed that the people should have access to land and the potential new resources – he accepted the offer. SSUSH 6b

12. The Louisiana Purchase 1803 SSUSH 6b

13. The Louisiana Purchase • The largest land purchase, roughly doubling the size of the United States – 828,000 square miles • It marked a turning point for the new nation economically as it began to pursue prosperity within its own borders rather that from foreign trade. SSUSH 6b

14. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Even before the Louisiana Purchase was complete, Jefferson had appointed his personal secretary, Meriwether Lewis, to find a water route to the Pacific Ocean. • Congress appropriated $2,500 • Lewis choose William Clark to help him lead the expedition. • They left in May 1804 from St. Louis SSUSH 6b

15. Lewis and Clark Expedition SSUSH 6b

16. Lewis and Clark Expedition • They reached the Pacific Northwest coast by November 1805. • They returned to St. Louis in September of 1806 with valuable information about the territory. • This led to rapid migration to the Pacific Northwest along the Oregon Trial from Missouri. SSUSH 6b

17. Lewis and Clark Expedition • Lewis and Clark came to employ a French-speaking, part-Indian fur trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau, whose young Shoshone Indian wife, Sacagawea, (pronounced Sa-ka-ga-wea) SSUSH 6b

18. National Identity SSUSH 6c

19. The War of 1812 • U.S. settlers felt threatened by the British presence in Canada and the apparent alliance between them and the Indians. • The British navy’s policy of impressing U.S. seaman (taking them captive and forcing them to serve on British ships) • The United States declared war of Great Britain in June of 1812. SSUSH 6c

20. War of 1812 • American hoped to gain territory in Canada and in Spanish Florida (GB ally) • British attacked and burned Washington D.C. • America recovered at the Battle of Fort McHenry (near Baltimore) • Frances Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner while being held captive by the British. SSUSH 6c

21. Treaty of Ghent • Restored original borders • Returned relationship to the status quo ante bellum. • Signed December 24, 1814 SSUSH 6c

22. Battle of New Orleans • took place on January 8, 1815, and was the final major battle of the War of 1812. • American forces under General Andrew Jackson defeated an invading British army intent on seizing New Orleans and America's western lands. • The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on December 24, 1814, but news of the peace would not reach New Orleans until February. SSUSH 6c

23. War of 1812 • War was a draw – nobody won or lost • It showed that the United States could defend itself and assert its interests in North American against a foreign power. • Due to it opposition to the war, the Federalist party lost its credibility and faded from importance in national politics. SSUSH 6c

24. A National Identity • The War of 1812 helped to produce a stronger sense of national identity among U.S. citizens. • People felt a great deal of pride in standing up to the British, again! • American trade declined during the war, but manufacturing and agriculture improved and grew prosperous. SSUSH 6c

25. A National Identity • Northern manufacturers sold more products to other regions of the country. • Southern plantation economy exploded as the nation’s only supplier of cotton. • By the time the war ended, U.S. citizens had a new sense of national pride and manufacturers and planters had established themselves as players in domestic and international trade. SSUSH 6c

26. New York City • New York City benefitted from the changes during the War of 1812 • By 1814, Textile mills were common in the city; this helped to make NYC a key economic center of the country. • New York City’s port made it a major center for shipping and trade, as well as, the arrival point for immigrants SSUSH 6d

27. The Erie Canal • New York also prospered from the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825 • The canal provided a new shipping route from Lake Erie to the Hudson River • 363 miles long; 40 feet wide; 4 feet deep • Began in 1817; completed in 1825 • Allowed people to travel cheaper • Made NYC the dominant commercial center by expanding its markets. SSUSH 6d

28. The Erie Canal SSUSH 6d

29. Robert Fulton • Developed the first successful commercial steam ship. • Greatly increased the efficiency of travel; one could now travel upstream SSUSH 6d

30. The American System • Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a plan to improve the nation’s economy and infrastructure. • An infrastructure is what provides the framework and connections holding something together. • This included things like roads, rail lines, canals, etc. SSUSH 6d

31. Clay’s American System • Called for protective tariffs (a tax on imports) to help U.S. manufacturers. • Internal improvements: such as canals and roadways funded by the tariff revenue • A Second National Bank in order to make interstate commerce easier and stabilize the nation’s currency. • Clay hoped that his plan would strengthen the US and unite the different regions of US SSUSH 6d

32. Era of Good Feelings • With the end of the War of 1812 and the demise of the Federalist party, the U.S. entered a period known as the Era of Good Feelings. • This was a time of national pride and political unity. • This was during the president of James Monroe SSUSH 6e

33. Monroe Doctrine • Issued in 1823 • The United States would not tolerate European intervention in the affairs of any independent nation in the Americas, nor were the American continents open to European colonization any longer. • The United States would view any attempt to colonize as aggression SSUSH 6e