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From Union to Emancipation: Understanding Lincoln’s Evolving Civil War Strategy

The American Civil War began as a conflict to preserve the Union but transformed into a battle against slavery. Key events include the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858, the pivotal 1860 election, and the first Battle of Bull Run in 1861. With leaders like General George McClellan and significant battles at Antietam and Gettysburg, the war's objectives shifted. The Emancipation Proclamation declared enslaved people in rebellious states free, significantly altering the war's purpose and leading to the enlistment of African American soldiers, ultimately redefining the nation’s ideals of equality.

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From Union to Emancipation: Understanding Lincoln’s Evolving Civil War Strategy

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  1. Lincoln and Slavery

  2. Question for today: How did a war to preserve the Union turn into a war against slavery? 1. Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 2. 1860 Election 3. Confederate States of America 4. First battle at Bull Run (VA), 1861 5. General George McClellan 6. Antietam Creek (MD) 7. Emancipation Proclamation 8. Gettysburg, 1863

  3. 1. Stephen Douglas Abraham Lincoln(Democrat) (Republican)

  4. 2. Presidential election of 1860

  5. 3. Confederate States of AmericaPresident Jefferson Davis • States’ rights • Protection of slavery

  6. Fort Sumter, SC Robert E. Lee

  7. Secession

  8. 22 million people INDUSTRY (weapons, railroads, textiles, shoes) 9 million people (of whom 3 million were slaves) DEFENSIVE war Brilliant military leadership Food production Cotton (hope for English and French allies) Prospects for the War:North South

  9. 4. First Battle at Bull RunGeneral Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson • Federal troops retreated • 5,000 casualties in one afternoon

  10. 5. General George McClellan • Seige of Yorktown • Lee’s army attacked; Battle of Seven Days • McClellan retreats

  11. 6. Battle at Antietam Creek, Sept 1862 • 70,000 Union troops vs. 40,000 Confed. troops • 20,000+ casualties • McClellan failed to press Lee

  12. Lincoln visits Antietam, Oct. 1862

  13. 7. Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation • On January 1, 1863, slaves in rebellious states will be declared free • U.S. gov’t will not enforce fugitive slave law • Purpose: weaken the South; hinder European alliances • Effect: changed the war’s purpose to liberation

  14. Nearly 200,000 African American soldiers served in segregated regiments

  15. Battle at Gettysburg, July 1-3, 1863 • 90,000 Union soldiers vs. 75,000 Confederate soldiers • July 4: Lee’s retreat; Union army did not pursue • 8000 dead bodies in the July heat

  16. Hospital tent at Gettysburg

  17. The Gettysburg Address, 1863 • “…a nation…dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal” • Four score and seven=87 (1776, not 1787) • Lincoln’s redefinition of the founding has lasted to this day

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