1. Disaster Risk Reduction: Learning from the 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake Erin Joakim, PhD Candidate, University of Waterloo, Canada ejoakim@uwaterloo.ca

2. Presentation Outline • Introduction • Disaster Risk Reduction • Disaster Risk Reduction Framework • PD-SLRV Framework • Examples from 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake • Conclusion

3. Introduction

4. Introduction • “Can modern societies afford to value their social and material assets only after they have been lost in a disaster?” (UN/ISDR, 2004)

5. Disaster Risk Reduction • The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. (UN/ISDR, 2004) • The outcome of DRR activities should be the “substantial reduction of disaster losses, in lives and social, economic and environmental assets of communities and countries” (HFA, 2005)

6. Disaster Risk Reduction • Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) Priorities: • Make DRR a Priority • DRR as national and local priority with strong, collaborative institutional base for implementation • Know the Risks and Take Action • Identify, assess, and monitor disaster risks – and enhance early warning • Build Understanding and Awareness • Use knowledge (including local knowledge), innovation, and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels • Reduce Risk • Acknowledge and reduce underling causes and risk factors • Be Prepared and Ready to Act • Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

7. Disaster Risk Reduction • Two aims of disaster risk reduction: • Build resilient societies • Ensure development efforts to do not perpetuate or contribute to vulnerability

8. Disaster Risk Reduction Framework Vulnerability Root Causes Dynamic Pressures Visible Manifestations XY-Axis Relationship Access Model Effective DRR Sustainable Livelihoods Human Social Natural Physical Financial Cultural Political Resilience Resistance Recovery Creativity Undefined Capitals

9. Vulnerability • Defined as “the characteristics of a person or group and their situation that influence their capacity to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from the impact of a natural hazard” (Wisner et al., 2004:11)

10. Vulnerability • Influenced by a variety of social, economic and political structures as well as individual agency • Includes access to: • Tangible and intangible assets (material & social goods) • Knowledge and information • Access to power

11. Vulnerability • Key points from various vulnerability models: • Social-ecological perspective • Focus on place + larger-scale processes • Root causes of vulnerability

12. Resilience • Three conceptualizations of resilience: • Resistance • Stems from ecological literature and relates to the ability to withstand and/or absorb the impacts of external pressures and disturbances without experiencing long-term impacts • Recovery • Common interpretation of resilience which examines the amount of time it takes a community to ‘bounce back’ to previous levels of functioning after experiencing a hazardous event • Creativity • More recent understanding that incorporates ideas of adaptive capacity, whereby the post-disaster context is seen as a window of opportunity for increasing the functionality and resiliency of the community

13. Vulnerability and Resilience • Complexity of relationship • Vulnerability and resilience as continuum • Strength of institutions • Level of skills versus education • Level of experience • Vulnerability and resilience as separate • Relationship as X-Y axis

14. Sustainable Livelihoods • Defined as comprising “the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living. A livelihood is sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities and assets both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base” (Chambers & Conway, 1992)

15. Sustainable Livelihoods • Connections between livelihoods and disasters: • Location of home and work activities (i.e. Fishing communities)

17. Sustainable Livelihoods • Connections between livelihoods and disasters: • Location of home and work activities (i.e. Fishing communities)

18. Sustainable Livelihoods • Connections between livelihoods and disasters: • Location of home and work activities (i.e. Fishing communities) • Livelihood impacts on environment leading to increased risk (i.e. Logging & deforestation) • Impacts level of income and access to resources to prepare, respond and recover from hazardous events • Connection between emergency aid and longer-term development projects

19. 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake

20. 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake • Vulnerability Examples: • Lack of political power • Diversion of funds and resources • Lack of knowledge for obtaining funding for projects • Physical geography • Limited productivity of rice fields • Savings • The role of savings for recovery

21. 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake • Resilience Examples: • House rebuilding effort • Construction standards • National and International social connections • Funding for development programming • Improved community development programming • Adaptations after earthquake

22. 2006 Yogyakarta Earthquake • Sustainable Livelihoods Examples: • Livelihood training • Tailors, construction labourers • Livelihood capital • Sewing machines • Livelihood opportunities • Job opportunities/availability • Livelihood networks • Market saturation, marketing skills

23. Conclusion • Disaster risk reduction measure require a holistic approach that include all sectors and actors of society • These initiatives need to be long-term, address some of the underlying causes of vulnerability and access, improve livelihood conditions and build various forms of resilience