1. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION A PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN MULTIPLY AND SPILL OVER FOR THE BENEFIT OF MILLIONS Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA http://www.gadr.giees.uncc.edu

2. REMEMBERING 2O10: PART 2APRIL - JULY VOLCANIC ERUPTION, OIL LEAK; EARTHQUAKES, SEVERE WINDSTORMS, FLOODS, LANDSLIDES, …

3. IMPACTED NATIONS Indonesia, China, Brazil, Taiwan, Iceland, Europe (Poland, Germany, Hungary, Czech Republic), Mexico, USA (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida), …

4. Volcanic ash cloud over Europe paralyzed air travel in Europe for weeks and cost the industry over $2 B. Oil leak in the Gulf of Mexico that continued for over 82 days caused an environmental disaster, cost tens of billions, and changed the way of life for millions. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010

5. VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS ICELAND

6. Unlike the subduction zone volcanoes along the Pacific Rim where the slow rise of magma gives early seismic warnings that an eruption is imminent, Iceland's hot spot volcanoes tend to erupt under ice sheets with little warning.

7. Eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Southern Iceland MARCH 20 and APRIL 14, 2010

8. The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano in Southern Iceland

9. The Eyjafjallajökull (AYA-feeyapla-yurkul) volcano in Southern Iceland, part of the volcanic process that originally formed Iceland, erupted a few minutes before midnight on Saturday, March 20th

10. ERUPTION HISTORYEyjafjallajökull last erupted in 1821 in what was called a "lazy" eruption, which lasted almost two years.

11. The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano

12. AN 8-KM PLUME OF STEAM: APRIL 14, 2010

13. The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano: Lava and Lightning

14. Glacier and the Ash Cloud: April 18

15. Steam and Ash Cloud: April 17

16. View Toward the Volcano: April 18, 2010

17. Car Traveling Through Ash: April 18

18. Clearing Ash from Roof: April 18, 2010

19. Horses and the Ash Cloud: April 18

20. Plane (upper left) and Ash Cloud Over Iceland: April 18

21. ICELAND’S AIR TRAFFIC DISRUPTED BY THE ASH

22. EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC DISRUPTED: APRIL 15, 2010

23. A week of airspace closures caused by the ash threat to planes created the worst breakdown in civil aviation in Europe since World War II, which caused more than 100,000 flights to be canceled and airlines to lose over $2 billion. Scientists said the 800-meter fissure caused by the eruption was growing and heading towards the Myrdalsjokall glacier, which sits atop the powerful Katla volcano

24. An eruption at the Katla volcano could be disastrous, both for Iceland and other nations.

25. DROUGHT CONTINUES IN THE CARIBBEAN CONTINUES IN WESTERN CHINA

26. EARTHQUAKES INDONESIA CHINA TAIWAN CHILE

27. M7.7 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES INDONESIA NEAR EPICENTER OF 2004 QUAKE SUBDUCTION ZONE OF SUNDA AND INDO-AUSTRALIA PLATES 5:15 AM, APRIL 7, 2010

28. This earthquake, although much less powerful than the 2004 earthquake, awakened memories of the December 26, 2004 earthquake and Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 216,000 people in 14 countries and caused losses of over $10 B.

29. LOCATION

30. TOWN OF SINABANG (60 KM FROM EPICENTER)

31. The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center issued a watch for tsunamis in Sumatra and Indian Ocean countries, but a destructive ocean surge never happened.

32. AN INTRAPLATE, M6.9 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES WESTERN CHINA STRONG AFTERSHOCKS FOLLOWED THE MAIN SHOCK 7:49 AM OCCURRENCE WAS DEADLY FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN APRIL 14, 2010

33. This earthquake didn't occur where the Indo-Australia and Eurasia plates meet; instead, it was an intraplate earthquake, occurring in the Tibetan plateau within the Eurasian plate. The Tibetan Plateau was created, along with the Himalayas, about 50 million years ago, as part of the Indian subcontinent began to collide with Eurasia.

34. The M7.9 Wenchuan earthquake that occurred on May 12, 2008 in Sichuan Province, which was 32 x stronger, was generated on the Longmenshan fault system.

36. The earthquake was centered in the township of Jiegu, in the county of Yushu, a rural, mountainous area that is part of the Tibetan Plateau populated mainly by farmers, sheepherders, and trades people. Qamdo, Tibet is the largest city near the epicenter.

37. LOCATION: QINGHAI PROVINCE NEAR TIBET

38. More than 90 % of the sun-dried mud brick and wood houses and buildings in the epicentral area collapsed, killing an estimated 1,144 people and injuring about 10,000..

39. NO QUAKE RESISTANCE

40. An estimated 70 % percent of the schools were destroyed, and residents, paramilitary, and soldiers used shovels in a frantic effort to save children trapped in the rumble.

41. SEARCH AND RESCUE

42. TYPICAL DAMAGE

43. TYPICAL DAMAGE

44. The minority nationalities living in the epicentral region don't normally keep the dead overnight, so the funerals that occurred April 14th made accurate estimates of the death toll impossible. Communication and transportation systems in the area were knocked out, slowing local disaster assistance and search and rescue efforts, and limiting international assistance.

45. SURVIVORS FACED HARSH TEMPERATURES

46. Temperatures in the mountainous Tibetan plateau 5 km above sea level can reach minus six degrees at night, so the government quickly arranged to send five thousand tents and fifty thousand blankets for the homeless survivors. The government allocated $30 million for relief and mobilized more than 5,000 soldiers,medical workers and other rescue workers to join with 700 troops already on the ground.

47. M5.3 AND 6.5 CHILE EARTHQUAKES: JULY 14, 2010

48. FLOODS BRAZIL (RIO DE JANEIRO) EUROPE

49. RIVERS BURST BANKS AND BREACH DAMS IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WEEKS OF RAIN POLAND, HUNGARY, GERMANY, CZECH REPUBLIC, … MAY – JUNE, 2010

50. The heaviest rains in over a decade forced thousands along rain swollen rivers in Poland, Germany, and Hungary to evacuate from their homes, breached dikes and sand bag dams, and caused damage to homes, and infrastructure estimated at over $2.5 billion.