The North & The South Take Different Paths

The North & The South Take Different Paths 1800-1845

The Industrial Revolution Chapter 11, Section 1 • What was the Industrial Revolution, and how did it take hold in the United States? • Why was Lowell, Massachusetts, called a model factory town? • What was daily life like in early factories? • What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on American cities?

The Industrial Revolution Chapter 11, Section 1 Industrial Revolution—a long, slow process, begun in Britain, that completely changed the way goods were produced • Gradually machines replaced hand tools. • New sources of power such as steam replaced human and animal power. • The economy began a gradual shift toward manufacturing. • New technology transformed the textile industry. For example, the spinning jenny, which could spin several threads at once, replaced the spinning wheel, which spun one thread at a time. A water-powered loom that could weave cloth faster replaced older, hand-operated looms. • Instead of working alone in their homes, many workers went to work where the machinery was—in large mills near rivers. This new system of work is called the factory system. • Large amounts of capital, or money, were needed to set up and operate large mills. Capitalists—people who invest in a business in order to make a profit—supplied the money.

How the Industrial Revolution Came to the United States Chapter 11, Section 1 The First American Mill • Samuel Slater, a skilled mechanic in a British textile mill, heard that Americans were offering rewards for British factory plans. • Slater memorized the design of machines in the mill. Then he boarded a ship bound for New York City. • In Pawtucket, Rhode Island, he built the first successful textile mill in the United States powered by water. Interchangeable Parts • Skilled workers made goods by hand. Each item was slightly different than every other item. • Eli Whitney had the idea of having machines manufacture each part. All parts would be alike, or interchangeable. Interchangeable parts would save time and money. Whitney demonstrated his idea with muskets, but the idea of interchangeable parts also applied to clocks and many other goods.

Lowell, Massachusetts: A Model Factory Town Chapter 11, Section 1 • In Britain, one factory spun thread and another wove it into cloth. Francis Cabot Lowell had the idea of combining spinning and weaving under one roof. • After Lowell’s death, his partners built an entire factory town, with streets of small, neat, white houses. • The company hired young women from nearby farms. They came to be called the Lowell girls. The company built boardinghouses for them and made rules to protect them.

Child Labor Boys and girls as young as seven worked in factories. Often, their wages were needed to help support their family. Long Hours Working hours were typically long—12 hours a day, 6 days a week year round. Changes in home life Now, many family members left the home to earn a living. In poorer families, women often had to go out to work, but in middle-class families, women usually stayed home. Daily Life During the Industrial Revolution Chapter 11, Section 1

Americans Move Westward Chapter 11, Section 2 • How did settlers travel west in the early 1800s? • What steps did Americans take to improve their roads? • How did steamboats and canals improve transportation for Americans?

Great Wagon Road across Pennsylvania Wilderness Road opened by Daniel Boone; through the Cumberland Gap into Kentucky Flatboats down the Ohio River into Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois Southern trails westward from Georgia and South Carolina to Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana Northern trails from New England, New York, and Pennsylvania into the Northwest Territory How Early Settlers Traveled Chapter 11, Section 2

Turnpikes • Private companies built gravel and stone roads. The companies collected tolls from travelers. At points along the road, a pike, or pole, blocked the road. After the wagon driver paid a toll, the pike keeper turned the pole aside. • The best road in the United States was the Lancaster Turnpike, linking Philadelphia and Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Corduroy roads • Roads made of logs. Looked like corduroy cloth. Made a very noisy and bumpy ride. The National Road • Ran from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, in western Virginia. • The first time Congress approved funds for a national road-building project. Improving American Roads Chapter 11, Section 2

Steamboats Improved Transportation Chapter 11, Section 2 Development of the Steamboat • John Fitch showed how a steam engine could power a boat. He opened a ferry service on the Delaware River, but few people used it, and he went out of business. • Robert Fulton launched his own steamboat, the Clermont, on the Hudson River. It carried passengers from New York City to Albany in record time. • Soon, steamboats were carrying passengers up and down the Atlantic coast. Steamboats carried passengers and goods on the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri rivers. • Henry Shreve designed a flat-bottomed steamboat for shallow western rivers.

Canals Improved Transportation Chapter 11, Section 2 The Erie Canal • Some New Yorkers had the idea of building a canal linking the Great Lakes with the Mohawk and Hudson rivers. The Erie Canal would let western farmers ship their goods to New York. • New York governor DeWitt Clinton persuaded the state legislature to put up money for the Erie Canal. • Work began in 1817 and was finished in 1825. The cost of shipping goods dropped to about one tenth of what it had been and helped make New York City a commercial center. • The success of the Erie Canal led other states to build canals, too.

Canals Improved Transportation Chapter 11, Section 2

Industry in the North Chapter 14, Section 1 • How did new inventions change manufacturing and farming in the North? • What difficulties did the first railroads face? • How did railroads and clipper ships help the northern economy?

Invention Inventor Improvement Sewing machine Elias Howe, improved by Isaac Singer Clothing could be manufactured by machine much more rapidly than it could be made by hand. Iron Plow Steel Plow Jethro Wood John Deere The older, heavy wood and iron plows had to be pulled by slow-moving oxen. A horse could pull a lighter-weight steel plow faster. Mechanical Reaper A horse-drawn reaper could mow wheat and other grains five times as fast as farmhands using hand tools. Cyrus McCormick Mechanical Drill, Threshing Machine, Horse-Drawn Hay Rake All these improvements helped farmers raise more grain with fewer farmhands. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming Chapter 14, Section 1

Invention Inventor Improvement Telegraph Samuel F. B. Morse The “talking wire,” or telegraph, was a device that sent electrical signals along a wire. For the first time, news could travel long distances in a few minutes. steam-powered locomotiveengine an English family Railroad cars had been pulled by horses or mules. The steam-powered locomotive, or engine to pull railroad cars, could do 30 miles per hour. New Inventions Changed Manufacturing and Farming Chapter 14, Section 1

The Trouble With Railroads Chapter 14, Section 1 Early problems • Workers who moved freight on horse-drawn wagons feared losing their jobs. • Investors in canals worried that competition from the railroads would cause them to lose their investments. • Soft roadbeds and weak bridges often led to railroad accidents. • Locomotives often broke down. • The smokestacks belched thick smoke and hot embers. The embers sometimes burned clothing. • Where there was only one track instead of one in each direction, trains collided. Gradually, many of these problems were solved and by the 1850s, railroads crisscrossed the nation.

Railroads in 1850 Chapter 14, Section 1

Railroads and Clippers Improve the Northern Economy Chapter 14, Section 1 Railroads increased commerce within the United States. • New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati became major rail centers. • Railroads allowed factory owners to transport large amounts cheaply and quickly • Railroads linked towns with cities. The towns became markets for goods made in the cities. • Railroads brought cheap farm goods from the West to New England. New England farmers could not compete and left their farms for other jobs. A new kind of ship, the clipper ship, increased commerce between the United States and other nations. • Americans sold cotton, fur, wheat, lumber, and tobacco overseas. • John Griffiths launched a new, speedier ship—the clipper ship. It was a sleek vessel with tall masts and huge sails that caught every gust of wind.

Steam Power Also Helped the Northern Economy Chapter 14, Section 1 • Steam power had advantages over water power. • Factories that used steam power could be built anywhere. They didn’t have to be built along rivers. • Steam-driven machines were powerful, as well as cheap to run. • The new machines produced more goods at lower cost.

Life in the North Chapter 14, Section 2 • How were conditions in factories in the 1840s worse than those in the 1820s? • What did factory workers hope to accomplish by joining together? • Who were the new immigrants in the mid-1800s? • How were free African Americans treated in the North?

Factory Conditions Worsened in the 1840s Chapter 14, Section 2 Steam-powered factories of the 1840s and 1850s were larger than the mills of the early 1800s. The new factories changed the way work was done and the way workers lived and worked. • Mass production changed the way workers felt about their jobs. In the past, artisans, or skilled workers, were proud of what they made. With mass production, factory owners were interested in how much the factory produced, not how well it was done. Workers could not be creative. • Artisans often owned and managed their own businesses. Factory workers were unlikely to rise to manage a business. • Often, entire families labored in factories, including children. They worked long hours—from 4 A.M. until 7:30 P.M. • Factory workers faced discomfort and danger. Few factories had windows or heating systems. Factory machines had no safety devices. There were no laws regulating factory conditions.

Workers Joined Together Chapter 14, Section 2 Poor working conditions and low wages led workers to organize. In the 1820s and 1830s, artisans in each trade formed trade unions. • The unions called for a shorter workday, higher wages, and better working conditions. • Sometimes, unions went on strike, that is, they refused to work until their demands were met. Slowly, workers made progress. • In 1840, President Van Buren approved a ten-hour workday for government employees. • Artisans won better pay, but unskilled workers made little progress. • Women Workers organized, too. New England textile workers protested wage cuts and unfair work rules. • Women workers staged strikes at Lowell, Massachusetts, in the 1830s. • The Lowell Female Labor Reform Association petitioned the state legislature for a ten-hour workday.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2 • By the late 1800s, many factory workers were new immigrants. • Many immigrants came from Great Britain seeking to earn higher wages. • Between 1845 and 1860, over 1.5 million Irish immigrated to the United States. A disease had destroyed Ireland’s potato crop, leading to a famine, or severe food shortage. Thousands died of starvation and disease. Others fled to the United States. • Between 1848 and 1860, nearly a million Germans arrived in the United States. Revolutions had broken out in many parts of Germany. People left Germany to avoid the violence.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2 Not everyone welcomed the immigrants. • One group of Americans, called nativists, wanted to preserve the country for native-born, white citizens. • Because immigrants were willing to work for lower pay, some Americans protested that they “stole” jobs. • Many people distrusted the different languages, customs, and dress. • Some people blamed immigrants for a rise in city crime. • Some people mistrusted Irish newcomers because many of them were Catholics. Until then, a majority of immigrants to the United States had been Protestant. • Nativists formed a new political party. It was called the Know-Nothing party. The party was anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant.

New Immigrants of the Mid-1800s Chapter 14, Section 2

African Americans in the North met discrimination • Discrimination is a policy or attitude that denies equal rights to certain groups of people. • African Americans were denied “the ballot-box, the jury box, the halls of the legislature, the army, the public lands, the school, and the church.” • African Americans had trouble finding good jobs. African Americans in the North met some success. • Some African Americans found success owning their own businesses. • Some African Americans became successful professionals. African Americans in the North Chapter 14, Section 2

Cotton Kingdom in the South Chapter 14, Section 3 • How did the cotton gin improve cotton production in the South? • How did the South become an agricultural economy? • In what ways was the South dependent on the North?

The Cotton Gin Chapter 14, Section 3 • Textile mills in the North and in Britain needed more and more raw cotton to make cloth. • Southern planters could grow plenty of cotton, but removing the seeds by hand was a slow process. • Eli Whitney built a machine to clean cotton—the cotton engine, or gin. It had rollers with wire teeth that separated the seeds from the fibers. One worker using a gin could do the work of 50 people cleaning cotton by hand. • The cotton gin led to a boom in cotton production. • Cotton plants wore out the soil, so planters began to look for fresh land. By the 1850s, cotton plantations extended in a wide band from the East Coast westward to Texas. This area became known as the Cotton Kingdom. • As the Cotton Kingdom spread, so did slavery.

The Rise of Cotton Production and the Growth of Slavery Chapter 14, Section 3

Crop Growing Area Effects Cotton a wide band from South Carolina through Alabama and Mississippi to Texas • promoted the plantation system and slavery Rice coasts of South Carolina and Georgia • required expensive irrigation and drainage systems • promoted the plantation system Sugar Cane Louisiana and Texas • required expensive irrigation and drainage systems • promoted the plantation system Tobacco Virginia, North Carolina, and Kentucky • Usually grown on small farms The South Becomes an Agricultural Economy Chapter 14, Section 3

The Economic Relationship Between North and South Chapter 14, Section 3 Southern industry remained small. • agricultural tools—cotton gins, planters, and plows • other agricultural goods—ironware, hoes, and hemp for bags • cheap cotton cloth • Tredegar Iron Works of Richmond, Virginia—railroad equipment, machinery, tools, cannons • flour mills However, the South had little industry compared with the North. The South depended on the North and on Europe. • loans from northern banks • northern furniture, tools, and machines

Life in the South Chapter 14, Section 4 • Which groups of white southerners made up southern society? • How were free African Americans treated? • What laws restricted the freedom of African Americans? • How did African Americans resist slavery?

White Southern Society Chapter 14, Section 4 The wealthy • A planter was someone who owned at least 20 slaves. • Only one white southerner in 30 belonged to a planter family. • Less than 1 percent owned 50 or more slaves. These wealthy families were called the “cottonocracy.” Small farmers • About 75 percent of southern whites were small farmers. • They owned the land they farmed. • These “plain folk” might own one or two slaves. • Plain folk worked with their slaves in the fields. Poor whites • They did not own the land they farmed. They rented it. • Poor whites often lived in the hilly, wooded areas of the South.

Who Made Up Southern Society? Chapter 14, Section 4

Free African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 Most free African Americans were descendants of slaves freed during and after the American Revolution. Others had bought their freedom. Slave owners feared that free African Americans might set a bad example for enslaved African Americans. • They might encourage slaves to rebel. • They proved African Americans could take care of themselves. Southern states passed laws to make life harder for free African Americans. • Free African Americans were not allowed to travel or vote. • In some states, they either had to move out of the state or let themselves be enslaved.

Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 Southern states passed laws known as slave codes to keep slaves from running away or rebelling. • Enslaved African Americans were forbidden to gather in groups of more than three. • They could not leave their owner’s land without a written pass. • They were not allowed to own guns. • It was a crime for slaves to learn how to read and write. • They did not have the right to testify in court.

Laws and Practices Restricted the Freedom of Enslaved African Americans Chapter 14, Section 4 • Conditions varied from plantation to plantation. • Slaves generally worked long, hard days—up to 16 hours a day. • Since southern laws did not recognize slave marriages or slave families, it was hard for African Americans to keep their families together. On some large plantations, extended families—grandparents, parents, children, aunts, uncles, and cousins—often did manage to form close-knit groups. • Some planters allowed white ministers to preach to their slaves.

African Americans Resisted Slavery Chapter 14, Section 4 • Some African Americans struck back against slavery as the opportunity presented itself, such as by breaking tools, destroying crops, and stealing food. • Many enslaved African Americans tried to escape to the North. • A few African Americans used violence to resist the slave system. For example Denmark Vesey, a free man, planned a revolt. However, he was betrayed before the revolt began. • Nat Turner, an African American preacher, led a major revolt. He led his followers through Virginia, killing many whites. In hunting him down, whites killed many innocent African Americans before they found and hanged Turner.

The North & The South Take Different Paths