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Sport Management and the Environment: New Challenges for Research and Practice Sylvia Trendafilova. Two Vital Trends in the Sport Industry. increasing environmental focus. Trend 1. Trend 2. increasing participation in outdoor recreational sports.
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Sport Managementand the Environment:New Challenges forResearch and PracticeSylvia Trendafilova
Two Vital Trends in the Sport Industry
increasingenvironmentalfocus Trend 1
Trend 2 increasing participation in outdoor recreational sports Increased U.S. Participation in Outdoor Recreational Sports (in thousands)
Two Types of Environmental Initiatives To reduce the ecological footprint of sports Sports as means to raise environmental awareness
Why Sport & Environment The environment affects sport • Air/water/noise pollution • Indoor air quality • Climate change - extreme weather patterns may make it difficult to engage in sport • Habitat/biodiversity loss - loss of natural areas affects sport
Why Sport & Environment Sport affects the environment • Development of fragile ecosystems for sport activities • Noise and light pollution from sport • Consumption of natural resources • Emission of greenhouse gasses by consuming electricity and fuel • Soil and water pollution from pesticide use • Waste from construction, spectators, and/or participants • Overuse • Overwhelm local ecosystem and/or local processing systems • Soil compaction • Erosion • Loss of biodiversity • Decrease in vegetation density
The Illustrative Case of Disc Golf • PDGA (Professional Disc Golf Association) • WFDF (World Flying Disc Federation) • The World Games (under the patronage of the IOC) • One of the fastest growing outdoor sport activities
Environmental Management Research (using disc golf) Study 1 Assessing the ecological impact due to the sport Study 2 Identifying the problem behaviors associated with the degradation Study 3 Exploring the subculture of disc golfers Study 4 Design, implementation, and evaluation of an intervention program
Disc Golf Courses Pease Park Zilker Park Mary Moore Searight Park
Study 1 - Method • Vegetation density – plot method • Soil compaction – soil compaction tester • Soil erosion – erosion pins
Study 1 – Results forsoil compaction and erosion Significant difference in soil compaction between areas around baskets and away from baskets t(10) = 2.31, p = 0.04 t(10) = 3.15, p = 0.01 t(10) = 3.91, p = 0.003 Significant differencein soil erosionbetween areas around baskets and away from baskets t(14) = 4.32, p = 0.001 t(8) = 4.03, p = 0.004 t(8) = 2.89, p = 0.02 Close to baskets Away from baskets Close to baskets Away from baskets
Study 1 – Results for vegetation density Pease Park
Study 1 – Results for vegetation density Zilker Park
Study 1 – Results for vegetation density Mary Moore Searight Park
Study 1 - Conclusions Disc golf is associated with: • decrease in vegetation cover • increase in soil compaction • soil erosion
Study 2 - Method • Field observations • Weekly visits to the parks - 4 months • Frequency of behavior occurrence - observed during 2 hour sessions
Study 2 - Results • Problem behaviors that might be modified • Dragging bags on the ground • Using trees as targets for practice • Problem behaviors that are intrinsic to the game • Trampling • Hitting trees during the course of the game
Study 2 - Conclusions • There are player behaviors that exacerbate the environmental degradation associated with disc golf • Some of those behaviors are modifiable, and would not affect the essence of the sport • Others if modified would change the essence of the game and will be used as comparative behaviors during the intervention
Study 3 - Method Ethnographic method • Informal interviews and casual conversations • Field observations
Study 3 - Results • Lack of knowledge and awareness about the negative effect disc golf has on the environment • Sense of ownership of the park • Family and fun oriented atmosphere • Subcultural values
Study 3 - Conclusions • Disc golf is a social subworld • Friendship and social interactions are very important • The subculture provides a lever through which to address environmental problems
Study 4 - Method • Brochure distributed to all three parks • Multiple base-line design
Study 4 - Conclusions • Desired behaviors did not require much effort to perform and were rather simple • Increased knowledge and awareness eliminated the barrier for achieving desired outcome • High value placed on disc golf and willingness to preserve the sport • Intervention targeted at the antecedent conditions of behavior
Implications forFuture Research • Theoretical issues • Collective action • Subcultures as levers • Other practical foci • The design of strategic pre- and post-evaluation management plans • Sport as means to increase environmental awareness
Implications forFuture Research – cont. • Other sport contexts • Events • Facilities • Other sports
Implications forTeaching • Enhance existing curricula • Event and facility management • Impact assessment (pre- and post-) • Adoption of green technologies • (Social) Marketing • Influencing the behaviors of sport participants and fans • Using sport as a venue/vehicle to drive home environmental messages • Sport policy • Specific course(s) on sport and the environment
Sport Managementand the Environment:New Challenges forResearch and PracticeSylvia Trendafilova