Ch. 2 Beginning of a Civilization

1. Ch. 2 Beginning of a Civilization Essential question: What should governments do?

2. How does government affect your life every day? • School • Home • In my community • Beyond my community

3. How does government play a role in society? • Safety and defense • Laws • Economy • Social services

4. The Story of Gilgamesh • Story was inscribed on clay tablets 3,000 years ago • Legendary king of Uruk • Uruk was a real city in the ancient Middle East • Uruk was surrounded by a 6 mile long wall that protected many riches and art • Gilgamesh was two parts god and one part mortal; he was over 10 feet tall • He was selfish and cruel; the people of Uruk lived in constant fear

5. The Story of Gilgamesh • The people begged the gods to do something about Gilgamesh • The gods created a companion for him named Enkidu who was his equal in strength, appetite, and thirst for adventure • After a great fight, Gilgamesh and Enkidu became friends • Together they defeated the giant, Humbaba • The goddess, Ishtar was angry with Gilgamesh and sent the Bull of Heaven after him • Enkidu and Gilgamesh defeated the bull together

6. The Story of Gilgamesh • The gods decided Enkidu must die and he became very ill and soon died • Gilgamesh was very sad and worried that he too would one day die • Gilgamesh traveled to the ends of the earth in search of immortality but he soon accepted that he would eventually die • Upon his return to Uruk, Gilgamesh became a humble ruler who no longer mistreated his citizens • He learned the lesson that the true way to achieve immortality was by being remembered well by his subjects

7. The Story of Gilgamesh • The city of Uruk is now only a ruin • The clay tablets with the story of Gilgamesh survived

8. Early Agriculture • 6 Main Benefits of Farming • 1. Domestication of plants and animals • 2. Increase in food supplies/surplus • 3. Improved tools • 4. Permanent settlements • 5. New kinds of shelter and clothing • 6. Job specialization

9. Section 1: Early Agriculture • During the Neolithic Era or “New” Stone Age, people learned how to farm • Human life changed when people learned to farm and domesticate animals. Farming was a revolution since it changed how people thought, worked, and lived. Seeds were replanted each year. Animals were used for food, work, and sources of clothing material. Domestication allowed people to start living in settled communities. • Before farming, people were hunter-gatherers and only had time for survival. They could own only what they could carry with them as they searched for food.

10. Early Agriculture • People learned to domesticate plants and animals so that they would be useful for them • Domestication made plants and animals more reliable sources of food. Domestication allowed people to be able to start living in settled communities. • New tools were developed from stone and later from bronze and iron

11. Early Agriculture • Farming began 10,000 years ago in southwestern Asia and then spread westward into Africa • Catalhoyuk is the oldest known farming village in the world, located in present-day Turkey • First dwellings made of mud and straw

12. Early Agriculture • Costs and Benefits of Farming: • Benefits: • Produced more food • Used less land than hunting-gathering • More permanent homes and farming villages were built • New sources of materials for clothing and shelter • Costs: • Planting/herding animals took great deal of time and energy • Farming was uncertain due to possible bad weather and disease that may kill crops • Farming could be dangerous as bands of nomads sometimes attacked farmers and stole their food

13. Early Agriculture • Farming led to families having more food than they needed to survive (surplus) • Surplus allowed people the free time to specialize-spending most of their time working at a single job or craft. • Some examples of specialization jobs are weavers, potters, toolmakers, and metalworkers • Social classes did not exist in early farming communities

14. Early Agriculture • Effects of Farming Hunter-gatherers must travel to obtain food. In small bands of nomads, everyone is involved in getting food. Farming develops. People domesticate plants and animals and build settled communities. Tools and crops improve. People can grow more food and build up surpluses

15. Early Agriculture Populations grow larger With more people and enough food, not everyone must be involved in farming Specialization develops. People become potters, weavers, toolmakers, healers, storytellers, and so on

16. Cities and Civilizations • Cities, like Uruk, were too large (big population) to manage through customs and a village council. They needed an organized government. • Cities also had a more complex economy since it was not only based on farming but also on extensive trade within and beyond the city. The wealth of cities attracted others to move their so they could enjoy the goods and services within the city.

17. Cities and Civilization • A civilization is a complex society that has cities, a well-organized government, and workers with specialized job skills. • When cities produced surplus, its was important for them to manage their resources well. Resources are a supply of something that can be used as needed. • The most important resources people needed was fertile soil, fresh water, and seeds. These resources were not useful, however unless they had the labor and tools needed to produce enough food.

18. Cities and Civilization • Early civilizations developed in the fertile valleys surrounding major rivers. This was important because the rising and flooding of the rivers provided a fresh layer of fertile soil for the farmers to grow their crops in. • A few early civilizations did not begin in river valleys such as the Greeks, Mayans, and Incas.

19. Cities and Civilization • 8 Features of Civilization: • 1. Cities: They served as centers of religion, government, and culture • 2. Organized government: They managed society’s resources and formed and trained armies for protection • 3. Established religion: Brought people together with shared beliefs and values • 4. Job specialization: Allowed individuals to become experts at different skills or services so they could contribute to their city

20. Cities and Civilization • 5. Social classes: system in which groups of people have more power, status, and wealth than others. Set up like a pyramid in early civilizations with the poor making up the largest section at the bottom and priests and rulers making up the smallest section at the top. • 6. Public works: Large-scale projects such as roads, water systems, walls, and food storage

21. Cities and Civilization • 7. Arts and architecture: Buildings were objects of beauty and arts reflected skills and creativity • 8. Writing: Offered a new way to record laws, prayers, and history or rulers. Early writing was mainly symbols and used to count or keep track of how much grain was harvested.

22. Study guide for Ch. 2 test on Tuesday, 11/13/18 • Multiple choice that reviews main concepts such as: • Hunter-gatherers lifestyle • Results and examples of domestication • Results and examples of surplus, job specialization, and economy • Life of early farming villages • Life of early civilizations • Fill-ins that review key terms/vocabulary

23. Study guide for Ch. 2 test on Tuesday, 11/13/18 • Short answer that review concepts such as: • Farming and its effects on life and the future of civilization • How agriculture led to surplus and the developments of specialized skills • The effects of domestication of plants and animals • How agriculture affected shelter, clothing, surpluses, specialization, and social organization • Early writing • Resources and resource management • Early civilizations

24. Study guide for Ch. 2 test on Tuesday, 11/13/18 • 8 features of civilizations (examples/summary) • Progression of hunter-gatherers to villages to early cities and civilizations • Essay on topics that may include any of the concepts discussed above