Cosmetology: History and Career Opportunities 2012 Edition

1. Cosmetology: History and Career Opportunities 2012 Edition

2. In your group, list on flip chart paper all of the occupations you believe are included in the Cosmetology profession. For some, you will need to think “outside of the box”

3. Cosmetology is defined: The art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, hair, and nails and includes the study of cosmetics and their application.

4. Add: I am responsible for my own education

5. Cosmetology includes: * hairstyling * nail technology * esthetics Curly-hairstyles.blogspot.com Caofb.com/esthetics Coolnaolsart.com/bubbles

6. Cosmetology: Greek word: kosmetikos Means: skilled in the use of cosmetics Add to side bar: Barber: Latin word: barba Means: the beard or the hair of the beard.

7. Archeological studies: Reveal that haircutting and hairstyling were practiced as early as the glacial age • Implements Used: • Sharpened flints • Oyster shells • Bone • Animal sinew • Strips of hide

8. Pigments made from: Berries Bark of trees Minerals Insects Nuts Herbs Leaves And other materials Danielmeissler.com Takegreatpictures.com

9. Ancient Egyptians: • The first to cultivate beauty in an extravagant fashion Charismaallover.wordpress.com Sheniquemag.blogspot.com

10. first to use: • * cosmetics as part of their personal beautification habits • * in religious ceremonies • * preparing the deceased for burial

11. 3000 B.C. * minerals, insects, and berries to create makeup * henna to stain the hair and nails * first to use essential oils for perfumes Mnsu.edu Womensnet.com/about hair history Americanaromatherapy.com

12. created kohl makeup • *mixture of ground galena (a black mineral) • * sulfur • * animal fat Makeupweb.guide.com

13. * used to heavily line the eyes • * alleviate eye inflammations • * protect the eyes from the glare of the sun • In ancient Egypt and Rome, military commanders stained their nails and lips in matching colors before important battles

14. Chinese • 1600 B.C. aristocrats • * rubbed tinted mixtures onto their nails • * turned crimson or ebony • 1100 B.C. • * gold and silver were royal colors • * commoners caught wearing a royal nail color faced a punishment of death

15. Add: Egyptian and Roman women temporarily waved their hair by applying a mixture of soil and water (mud) to the hair and wrapping it around crudely made wooden rollers to bake in the sun all day. ***In Africa, hair was groomed with intricately carved combs and adorned with beads, clay and colored bands

16. The Greeks (500 B.C.) • hairstyling-highly developed art • used perfumes and cosmetics in religious rites, in grooming, and for medicinal purposes • developed excellent method • of dressing the hair and • caring for the skin and nails Karenswhimsy.com

17. mangatutorials.com Stcatherinesprimary.co.uk Karenswhimsy.com

18. used white lead on faces, kohl on eyes and vermillion on cheeks and lips • vermillion-bright red pigment made by • grinding cinnabar • ~ a mineral that is the chief source of mercury • The fine powder was mixed with ointment or dusted on the skin in the same way as cosmetics are applied today Margretshort.typepad.com

19. Romans (296 B.C.) • facials of milk, bread and fine wine were popular • mixture of chalk and lead used for facial cosmetic • hairstyling services introduced; women used hair color to indicate class in society as follows: • - noblewomen: red hair • - middle-class women: blonde • - poor women: black

20. FYI • Julius Caesar 101-44 BC • had his face tweezed everyday • this started a trend among the men of that time www.american-pictures.com/genealogy/descent/p...

21. Explore-italian-culture.com Roman-colosseum.info Crystallyn.vox.vom Digonsite.com Eternallycool.net

22. Middle ages • included towering headdresses, intricate hairstyles, and cosmetics • Women wore ms • makeup on cheeks and lips, not eyes • steam distillation was invented, which is still used to create essentials oils today

23. Usiweb.usi.edu Edarlein.deviantart.com Herstoria.com

24. Renaissance • shaved eyebrows and hairline-thought to give the women a look of greater intelligence • Elaborate, elegant clothing • Fragrances and cosmetics were used • highly colored cosmetics were • discouraged. Wholesale.garison.com

25. Press.princeton.edu Abeautyglorious.blogspot.com 2.ivcc.rdu

26. Victorian Age • to preserve the health and beauty of the skin, women used beauty masks and packs made from natural ingredients • pinched their cheeks and bit their lips to colorize rather than use cosmetics

27. ADD both to side bar: • 1892; Frenchman, Alexander F. • Godefroy, invented a • hot-blast hair dryer • 1890; First hairdressing academy opening in Chicago by Frenchman, Bribois and Federmeyer. Probeautykit.com

28. The Twentieth Century • motion pictures-shift in American attitudes • viewers wanted the flawless complexions, beautiful hairstyles, manicured nails • beauty began to follow trends

29. Vivien Leigh 1940’s Jean Harlow 1930’s Elizabeth Taylor 1950’s Newhotstuff.net

30. 1901-1910 • Max Factor began making and selling makeup to movie stars that would not cake or crack, even under the hot studio lights Rubylane.com Onlineauction.com

31. 1905, Charles Nessler invented heavily wired machine that supplied electrical current to metal rods around which hair strands were wrapped • units were heated • kept away from the scalp by counterbalancing weights suspended from an overhead chandelier mounted to a stand

32. Internet source:

33. Two methods were used to wind hair strands around the metal units: • Spiral wrap: long hair was wound from scalp to ends • Croquignole wrap: for short hair, wound from ends to scalp.

34. Success story of the cosmetology industry Madam C.J. Walker • daughter of a former slave • born Sarah Breedlove in 1867 • during the 1890’s she suffered from a scalp condition and began to lose her hair. • she experimented with store-bought products and home-made remedies Inventors.about.com

35. invented hair grower scalp conditioner • devised sophisticated sales and marketing strategies and traveled extensively giving product demonstrations • built a factory, hair salon • and training school 1929 www.scott.k12.va.us/rita/51757_2.JPG

36. gave time and money to organizations like NAACP and the YMCA • organized the first national meetings for businesswomen • pioneer of the modern African-American hair care and cosmetic industry Scribalterror.blogs.com Urbanstages.org

37. Marcel Grateau invented the first curling iron (called Marcel iron and Marcel waving) • 1923-invented the electric version • Also developed a PW machine, barber clippers, safety razor, and other devices.

38. 1920’s • cosmetic industry grew rapidly • ad’s expenditures in radio alone went from $390,000.00 to $3.2 million by the end of the decade Digitalhistory.uh.edu Vintagepowderroom.com

39. 1931, preheat method was introduced- hair was wrapped in the croquinole method • clamps heated by a separate electrical machine were place over the wound curls Dehaarsite.nl

40. 1932, Ralph L. Evans and Everett G. McDonough pioneered a method that used external heat generated by chemical reaction was introduced • small flexible pads containing a chemical mixture were wound around hair strands • pads moistened with water released a chemical heat creating long-lasting curls • machineless permanent wave was born

41. 1932 • Revlon marketed the first nail polish • (not stain) using formulas borrowed from the car paint industry • dramatic shift in nail cosmetics • array of nail lacquer colors available • early screen stars started the trend of wearing matching colors on their fingers and toes Quirkyfinds.com

42. 1932-Clairol created permanent haircolor • 1938 the cold wave was invented that used no machine or heat • considered to be the precursor to the modern perm Library.duke.edu Ebay.com

43. 1941, scientists developed waving lotion that did not require heat • *called cold wave Modernlab.com

44. today, the term “texture service” is used to describe the variety of permanent wave services and straightening services available for different hair types and conditions Just-hairstyles.com Hairstyles-pictures.com

45. Barbering and Medicine The Barber Pole-symbol of the barber-surgeon, has its roots from the bloodletting procedure that was once thought to strengthen the immune system • Pole = the staff; patients held a staff tightly in order for the veins in the arm to stand out. • Bottom = basin; basin was the vessel that caught the blood.

46. Hillsdalebarnantiques.com Azbarberboard.us

47. 3.White bandages stop blood; the bandages used to stop the bleeding were hung on the staff to dry. The stained bandages would twist around the pole forming the red/white pattern. Another interpretation is that the red represented the blood, blue the veins, and white the bandages. Barbers still use the symbol today.

48. 1951-2000 • introduction of tube mascara, • improved hair care, • and nail products Southportbeautysalon.com Nailsupplywebsite.com

49. boom and death of the • weekly salon • appointment Flickr.com

50. 1960’s-Vidal Sassoon’s revolutionary geometric haircuts Discoveringhair.wordpress.com Ladybear.gaia.com Campuscircle.net