State of the Art CCS ( CO 2 Capture and Storage)

1. State of the Art CCS(CO2 Capture and Storage) Wim C. Turkenburg Copernicus Instituuut voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling en Innovatie Universiteit Utrecht w.c.turkenburg@chem.uu.nl Nationaal Symposium “Schoon Fossiel voor Nederland” Den Haag – 23 November 2005

2. World primary energy consumption in 2001 ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Fossil fuels: 332 EJ (79.4%) - oil 147 EJ - natural gas 91 EJ - coal 94 EJ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Renewables: 57 EJ (13.7%) - large hydro 9 EJ - traditional biomass 39EJ - ‘new’ renewables 9 EJ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Nuclear: 29 EJ (6.9%) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Total: 418 EJ (100%) Source: World Energy Assessment, Overview, 2004 update

3. Fossil fuel occurrences Source: World Energy Assessment, 2000 / 2004

4. Global CO2 emissionsfrom fossil fuels(in 2002, forecast for 2030) Source: IEA, WEO, 2004

5. pre-industrial: 280 ppmv / at present: ~ 370 ppmv Business as Usual scenario Most proposals: stabilization at 450-550 ppmv

6. Courtesy of Statoil

7. CO2 capture and storage (CCS) • CO2 capture (from static sources): • Natural gas sweetening (> 50 Mt CO2/year) • Industry (e.g. refineries, ammonia, steel) • Hydrogen plants • Power plants • Transport: by pipeline or tanker. • Storage/disposal: • (Depleted) oil/gas fields (with EOR/EGR) • Deep unminable coal beds (with ECBM) • Deep saline aquifers • Mineral carbonation (very costly) • Ocean (still in research phase)

8. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ H2 H2 15 30 45 60 75km North Aquifers (130 Mt) Groningen gas field (7512 Mt) Other gas fields (2000 Mt) North Sea Aquifers (350 Mt) Gas fields (1250 Mt) Large hydrogen plant with CCS Large power plant with CCS West Aquifers (570 Mt) Gas fields (100 Mt) CO2 pipeline Hydrogen pipeline Southwest Aquifers (200 Mt) Gas fields (50 Mt) Residential hydrogen market Central Aquifers (110 Mt) Industrial hydrogen market Automotive hydrogen market Southeast Aquifers (200 Mt) Storage reservoirs Source: Damen et al., 2005

9. Worldwide large stationary CO2 sources (more than 0.1 MtCO2/yr) Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

10. CO2 capture options Major approaches: • Post-combustion • Pre-combustion • Oxyfuel combustion Separation technologies: • Absorption • Adsorption • Cryogenic • Membrane CO2 capture plant (ABB Lummus Crest)

11. Separation with sorbents / solvents CO2 has been captured from industrial process streams since 80 years Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

12. Separation with a membrane / by cryogenic distillation Separation of H2, CO2 or O2 O2 from air, CO2 from flue gas Many types of membranes (polymeric, metallic, ceramic) Liquidizing the gas; separation of gas components in distillation column Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

13. Post-combustion N2, O2, H2O to atmosphere Natural gas CO2 to storage CO2 separation Air Gas turbine Steam generator Steam turbine Source: IEA GHG R&D Programme

14. Pre-combustion Syngas reactor Shift conversion CO2 to storage CO2 separation N2, H2O to atmosphere H2- rich fuel gas Steam cycle Natural gas Air Gas turbine Source: ECN

15. Oxyfuel combustion Oxygen is usually produced by cryogenic air separation. Novel techniques under development: membranes, chemical looping. Source: IPCC

16. Energy penalty & CO2 captured - CO2 avoided

17. Typical energy penalties (increase fuel use per kWh electricity due to CO2 capture) Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005 Damen et al., 2006

18. Performance new power plants *)(current technology) *) Gas prices: 2.8-4.4 US$/GJ; Coal prices: 1-1.5 US$/GJ Source: IPCC SR-CCS, 2005

19. CO2 transport CO2 transport USA - Canada • Over 2500 km CO2 pipelines in USA (for EOR; transport more than 45 Mt/yr). • High-pressure (80-140 bar). • Long-distance injection: transport by tanker less costly - offshore > 1000 km - onshore> 1600 km

20. CO2 transportation costs (per 250 km, onshore and offshore) Transportation costs: 1-8 US$ / tCO2 / 250 km Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

21. CO2geological storage capacity Global capacity: At least 2,000 GtCO2 (80 x CO2 emissions in 2005 from fossil fuel use) • Theoretical capacity • in the Netherlands: • depleted gas fields: • 10,900 MtCO2 • saline aquifers: • 260 – 2,600 MtCO2 • coal beds: • 300 – 1,000 MtCO2 10-200 GtCO2 700-900 GtCO2 1,000-10,000 GtCO2 Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

22. Largest sites CO2 storage Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

23. Cost CO2 storage Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

24. Total production costs of electricity *) *) Gas prices: 2.8-4.4 US$/GJ; Coal prices: 1-1.5 US$/GJ Source: IPCC SR-CCS, 2005

25. CO2 avoidance costs for complete CCS systems for electricity generation Source: IPCC, SR-CCS, 2005

26. Value CO2 emission permits Euro per tCO2

27. “Energy and economic models indicate that the major CCS system’s contribution to climate change mitigation would come from deployment in the electricity sector.” “Most modeling suggests that CCS systems begin to deploy at a significant level when CO2 prices begin to reach 25-30 US$/tCO2” IPCC Special Report on CCS September 2005

28. Conclusions / remarks • CCS is a viable option, with future costs ranging in general from 10 to 100 US$ / tCO2avoided. • It may reduce the cumulative emissions till 2100 with 220 - 2200 GtCO2 (15-55% contribution). • Advanced CCS may lead to an increase of the production costs of electricity with 25-50% and of hydrogen with 5-30% (without use CO2). • There is a growing interest for this option, from governments, industries, research institutes and environmental groups. • Further RD&D needed to reduce costs, to develop new approaches, to address environmental concerns, and to understand public acceptance.