Journal #4

1. Journal #4 What are your thoughts on public speaking? Do you like doing it? Does it make you nervous? Do you know of any strategies that can help in dealing with public speaking anxiety?

2. Speeches Writing and Delivery

3. Writing a Speech

4. Speech vs. Essay • A speech is written with a listener in mind, while an essay is written with a reader in mind. • Bulk of a speech illustrates a few main points, while an essay relies on an intricate progression of topic sentences, concrete details/illustrations, and explanations. • Public speakers also use body language, vocal delivery, visual aides, and transitional words and phrases.

5. Persuasive Speech • Clearly establishes a position (a claim) on a topic.  • The purpose is to convince others to accept your position as valid, adopt your point of view, and take some action. • Note: This is different from a research paper that you would write for History, where your purpose is to explain or examine a topic, not to convince others to adopt your point of view.

6. Components of a Speech • Introduction • Main Points • Transitions • Conclusion

7. Introduction • Grab the attention of the audience • Describe the topic • State the thesis (claim) or purpose • Overview of main ideas • "I'm sitting in a darkened room, behind bars, waiting with dread to hear the key turning in the door. When that happens I know I've only got fear, cruelty and incredible pain to look forward to. I'm terrified. My small heart is pounding. Is that the key I hear in the lock?“ • “Many animals all over the United States are being abused and neglected everyday, and not much is being done about this situation.”

8. Claim Your claim will fall into one of 3 categories: • Claims about fact argue about the definition of something or whether something is a settled fact, or they argue that one thing caused another to occur. • Example: What some people refer to as global warming is actually nothing more than normal, long-term cycles of climate change. • Example: The popularity of SUV's in America has caused pollution to increase.

9. 2. Claims about value argue what something is worth, whether we value it or not, or how we should rate or categorize something. • Example: Global warming is the most pressing challenge facing the world today.

10. 3. Claims about solutions or policies argue for or against a certain solution or policy approach to a problem. • Example: Instead of drilling for oil in Alaska, we should focus on ways to reduce oil consumption, such as researching renewable energy sources. Identify what you are claiming about your topic early so that you can build your volunteer experience and speech around its support.

11. Main Points • Instead of thinking of the bulk of your speech as a body, think main points instead • Main points for Project 6: (Some of these may also appear briefly in your introduction) • History of your topic/cause • Current state of affairs for topic/cause • Relevance or importance of the cause

12. Transitions • A change or shift from one topic to another • Transitions are crucial for public speakers • speakers need to compensate for the loss of visual formatting • on a written page, formatting provides a helpful road map: the reader sees topic headings, paragraph breaks, and other visual cues that signal transitions naturally • speakers can replicate these cues and signal transitions using visual aids and body language, but it will take more conscious effort than simply hitting “enter” to create a paragraph break • Speakers can emphasize transition points with visual aids, body language, vocal delivery, and transitional words and phrases.

13. Transition Words/Phrases

14. Conclusion • Summarize and review important points • Not repeat! Think of different ways to summarize • Proposal or call to action • What do you want to happen next for this cause or topic? • What do you want the audience to do?

15. Don’t Forget!!! • Ethos, pathos, and logos all throughout your speech! • Brainstorm examples on your own: How might you incorporate all the appeals in your speech? • Discuss your ideas with a partner

16. Ethos, Pathos, Logos • Also, use your handout!!

17. Speech Delivery

18. Successful Speakers • Project voice • People in the back should be able to hear you • Speak clearly • Don’t mumble • Pronounce and enunciate your words • Make eye contact • Appropriate body language • Posture • Gestures • Facial expressions • Don’t fidget • Figure out what to do with nervous energy • Limit the “ummms” “uhhs” • NO GUM. • This is very tacky. You will be successful with the above elements, if you practice, practice, and practice your speech! Promise.