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PHYSIOLOGY introduction and history

Assoc. prof. MVDr. Šimon Vaculín, Ph.D. PHYSIOLOGY introduction and history. Structure and FUNCTION. Department of physiology , Ke Karlovu 4, Praha 2. Syllabus. General structure of unit. Recommended literature. Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology

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PHYSIOLOGY introduction and history

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  1. Assoc. prof. MVDr. Šimon Vaculín, Ph.D. PHYSIOLOGYintroduction and history

  2. Structure and FUNCTION • Department of physiology, Ke Karlovu 4, Praha 2

  3. Syllabus

  4. General structureof unit

  5. Recommendedliterature • Ganong WF. Reviewofmedicalphysiology • Silbernagl S, Despopoulos A. Color atlas ofphysiology • Guyton&Hall. TextbookofMedicalPhysiology

  6. Classes • Rokyta et al. Practical Courses on Physiology. CD

  7. Unit 1 – Locomotion (6 weeks) Running exams StructureBones of extremities –oralJoints of extremities – oral Axial sceleton – oralskull – oral FunctionSeminary Tests Final Exams Structure and FunctionFinal Test Unit 2 – Blood (1 week) Running exams FunctionSeminary Tests Final Exams Structure and FunctionFinal Test Unit 3 – GIT (3 weeks) Running exams FunctionSeminary Tests Final Exams Structure and FunctionFinal Test Unit 4 – Respiration (2 weeks) Running exams FunctionSeminary Tests Final Exams Structure and FunctionFinal Test Unit 5 – Kidney (3 weeks) Running exams FunctionSeminary Tests Final Exams Structure and FunctionFinal Oral Exam Unit 6 – Topography autopsy of extremities Final Exams StructureFinal Oral Exam Requirements to getcredit – winter

  8. Unit Finalexam (oral/written) Trials/terms 1st terms – at the end of the unit2ndterm – during winter exan period (17th week)3thterm – during summer exam period4thterm – in September

  9. Credit Winter Structure • Histological slides – oral examination Structure and Function • Passing units 1-6 • Attendance on classes (80 %) • 75-80 % - 5-pages research report on given topic • <75 % - not possible to get credit !!!

  10. Exam – Structure and Function • Winter credit • Summer credit • Signing for an exam on SIS Terms/trials of Exam • Term regular (after obtaining boths credits) • Term – 2 weeks after the 1st • Term – 2 weeks after the 2nd

  11. Structure and FunctionAnatomy and PHYSIOLOGY • Physiology • human-animal-plantar • technical-genaral-medical • Actuall interest neurophysiology • Experimental approach

  12. surgical (epinephrectomy) pharmacological (naloxon) exercise (ergometer) stimulation (MCS) electrophysiological (EEG, EKG, EMG) behavioral (vF, water maze, plantar test) analytical (concentration of substances) clinical (BP, spirometry, hematology) imaging (RTG, PET, fMRI, immunohistology) Approaches and measurements

  13. Historyof (experimental) Physiology • Hippocrates(460 – 370 BC), created an intellectual and philosophicalatmosphere that laid the foundation for use of animals for experimental • Aristoteles(384-322 BC), founder of biology, dissections demonstrated the internal differences among animals. • Erasistratus (304-250 BC) founder of physiology, animal experiments similar to recent experiments. Studied the cerebrum, cerebellum, nerves, and the valves of the heart. • Galen (130-200)dissections of all kinds of animals,what he saw mistakenly applied to the human body.left heart and the arteries contained air, the blood being generated in the liver • Vesalius (1511-1564) founder of modern anatomy, used animals in public anatomical demonstrations during the Renaissance

  14. William Harvey (1578-1657) • the first to implement the scientific method to solve biological problems • complete fall of Galen's system and a revolution in physiology

  15. Nobel Prizes • physics • chemistry • PHYSIOLOGY or medicine • literature • economic • peace

  16. Ivan Petrovič Pavlov (1904) • Russian physiologist • Heart, liver, circulation, secretion in GIT • Psychological secretion – contitioned reflexes

  17. CamilloGolgi (1906) • Italian patologist • Neuroanatomy (AgNO3) • Types of Neurones and junctions (G. cells) • Nominated for NC 6 times, awarded with Cajal

  18. AlexisCarrel (1912) • French physiologist and surgeon • Transplpantation (vessel suturing) • 1912 chicken myocardium lives for 27 years

  19. F.G. Banting, J.J.R. Macleod (1923) • insulin • Dog pancreas • 1920 isolation of substance containing insulin • 1st aplication to diabetic patient

  20. WillemEinthoven (1924) • Dutch physiologist • Registration fo ECG • String galvanometry

  21. Karl Landsteiner (1930) • Austrian pathologist • Blood groups ABO • 1940 discovery of Rh factor • Blood transfusion during World War First

  22. Sir Charles ScottSherrington (1932) • English physiologist • Function of synapse • Spinal reflexes • Proprioception

  23. H. S. Gasser, J. Erlanger (1944) • Neurogram (nerves types A, B, C) • Propagation of action potential • Registration of electrical changes on nerves

  24. Sir Alexander Fleming (1945) • Englishmicrobiologist • Discoveryofantibioticsincidentally – breadwent to moldy, no growofbacteriasaround • 1928 publication • Milestone in medicine

  25. C. F. Cori a G. T. Cori (1947) • Born in Prague • Studiedat Medical School of the German University of Prague • for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen

  26. Sir John CarewEccles (1963) • Australianphysiologist • Role ofionts on membrane • plasticity • Actionpotential • Intracellularrecording • HonoraryProfessorofThirdMedicalFaculty • N.P. withHodgkin and Huxle

  27. A.G. Gilman a M. Rodbell (1994) • American physiologists • Discovery of G-protein and its role in cell signalization

  28. Czech footprints I • Jiří Procháska (1749-1820) – description and definition of reflexes and synapse

  29. Czech footprints II • Jan Jánský (1873-1921) • Discovery of blood groups

  30. Jan Evangelista Purkyně (1787-1869) • organs of sense • muscles and nerves • the ciliary movement of the epithelium of the mucous membrane • the structure of the nerve-fibre (axis-cylinder) of the ganglia • the glands secreting gastric juice • the sympathetic nervous system • embryogenesis(discovery of the germinal spot). • Purkinjecells, Purkinjefibers

  31. Vilém Laufberger (1890-1986) • demonstrated experimentally the role of thyroid hormones inthe metamorphosis of amphibia • discovered the protein ferritine • was successful in isolating insulin,studied the structure of cells, etc.

  32. Vratislav Schreiber (*1924) • he became one of the pioneers of experimental neuroendocrinology • the discovery of thyreotropin releasing hormone (TRH) • demonstrating the existence and isolation of TRH before Schally and Guillemin (who received the Nobel Prize 1977for this discovery) • named amongst these zakladatel experimentální neuroendokrinologie

  33. Animal experiments Some examples of benefits: • Polio: development of a vaccine using non-human primates and mice. • Diabetes: discovery of insulin using dogs and fish. • Rh Factor: discovery using non-human primates. • Small Pox: cause and discovery of a vaccine using cows. • Rabies: cause and discovery of a vaccine using of dogs and rabbits.

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