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Margaret Sanger

Margaret Sanger. Representative Works. What Every Girl Should Know What Every Mother Should Know The Case for Birth Control Woman, Morality, and Birth Control The Pivot of Civilization Motherhood in Bondage. My Fight for Birth Control. Women did not know how to prevent pregnancy

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Margaret Sanger

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  1. Margaret Sanger

  2. Representative Works What Every Girl Should Know What Every Mother Should Know The Case for Birth Control Woman, Morality, and Birth Control The Pivot of Civilization Motherhood in Bondage

  3. My Fight for Birth Control Women did not know how to prevent pregnancy Abstinence for birth control within marriage was the agenda of the Voluntary Motherhood Movement that was promoted in America during the 1870s by feminists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (D’Emilio & Freedman, 1988).

  4. My Fight for Birth Control 1916: Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic in the United States.  The next year she was deemed guilty of “maintaining a public nuisance” and sentenced to jail for 30 days.  1938: In a case involving Margaret Sanger, a judge lifted the federal ban on birth control, ending the Comstock era. Diaphragms became a popular method of birth control.   

  5. History of Birth Control 1950: While in her 80s, Sanger underwrote the research necessary to create the first human birth control pill. She raised $150,000 for the project, and in 1960 the first oral contraceptive, Enovid, was marketed in the United States as invented by Frank Colton. 1965: The Supreme Court (in Griswold v. Connecticut) established the right of married couples to use birth control as protected in the Constitution as a “right to privacy.” However, millions of unmarried women in 26 states were still denied birth control. 

  6. History of Birth Control 1960s: Intrauterine devices (IUDs) first manufactured and marketed in the United States. Late 1960s: Feminists challenged the safety of oral contraceptives (“the Pill”) as a result of confirmed serious health risks associated with it. Successful efforts led by feminist groups and consumer activists, along with well-publicized congressional hearings, led to modifications of the Pill. 1972: The Supreme Court (in Baird v. Eisenstadt) legalized birth control for all citizens of this country, irrespective of marital status.

  7. History of Birth Control 1975: The Dalkon Shield, a popular IUD, recalled under charges that it had caused infertility in thousands of users. Although other IUD designs were not implicated, all IUDs were taken off the market under fear of litigation. 1980s and 1990s: Hormonal birth control methods expanded to include implants and injectables. Low-dose pills were introduced.  1992: Emergency contraception became more widely available as a result of public awareness campaign.

  8. Birth Control Today Today: Rapid expansion in method availability and improvements in safety and effectiveness, including introduction of the hormonal patch, vaginal ring, new injectables, single rod implants, and transcervical female sterilization.    More research is needed in woman-controlled methods that protect against STIs.  Barriers to access to reliable contraception remain for women world-wide. (ourbodiesourselves.com)

  9. Eugenics Born from evolutionary biology Control of reproduction “The most urgent problem today is how to limit and discourage the over-fertility of the mentally and physically defective.” (Margaret Sanger)

  10. Eugenics Eugenic theory posited that the human race would be improved "by encouraging high reproductive rates in classes deemed socially desirable…and by discouraging reproduction amongst the undesirables.” As early as the 1920s, the United States had passed forced sterilization laws in twenty states, eugenics was taught in universities, and many leading reformers and thinkers were advocates of eugenics.

  11. Eugenics Margaret Sanger promoted access to birth control for all women, regardless of class, arguing that women should be able to restrict their family size voluntarily. Eager to make use of the popularity of eugenics, she wrote The Pivot of Civilization in 1922, in which she espoused decreasing the birth rate of "mentally and physically defective" people. Linking birth control to eugenics shifted Sanger’s movement from what David Kennedy, author of Birth Control in America, calls a "radical program of social disruption" to a "conservative program of social control.” (www.neh.gov)

  12. Nancy Fugate Woods

  13. Representative Works Culture, Society, and Menstruation Women's Healthcare in Advanced Practice Nursing Human Sexuality in Health and Illness Nursing Research: Theory and Practice

  14. A Global Health Imperative • Sex and gender disparities in health: • Biological sex • Social, cultural, environmental conditions • Poverty • Social and socioeconomic status • Racism • Sexism • Heterosexism • Environmental exposures • Sociocultural and political stressors • Personal behavior patterns

  15. Sociocultural Factors Gender preference: as many as 60 million and up to 100 million females are missing in the world’s population owing to gender preference (Coale, 1991; United Nations, 1994) The female biological advantage may be eroded by the social disadvantage of being female (children competing for scare resources)

  16. Sociocultural Factors Prostitution Sex trafficking Genital mutilation Nutritional Disparity Lack of access to health care Lack of education Reproductive roles and marriage Employment opportunities Exposure to violence

  17. Sociocultural Factors 70% of people living in poverty are women and girls Women perform 2/3 of world’s working hours but earn only 10% of the world’s income (PLAN 2008) 2/3 of the out-of-school children in the world are girls 1 in 7 girls in developing countries marries before age 15 Half of sexual assaults are perpetrated on 15 – 19 year old girls

  18. Health Status over the lifespan Malnutrition Birth trauma – obstructed labor – fistulae Complications of pregnancy are the leading cause of death in women 15-19 in the poorest countries (Mayor 2004) Approximately 70,000 adolescents die each year in childbirth Genital mutilation (1.3 million women) HIV/AIDS Exposure to war (abduction/rape) Occupational and environmental factors

  19. Health Policy Family planning Prenatal care Immunizations HIV/AIDS prevention Physical environment (including food and water) Eliminating rape as an atrocity of war Eradicating poverty Investing in education

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