Adaptations of Marine Vertebrates to Hyposmotic Body Fluids in Teleosts and Tetrapods

Marine vertebrates, including teleosts and tetrapods, exhibit unique physiological adaptations to manage hyposmotic body fluids and maintain osmotic balance. Marine teleosts ingest seawater to uptake essential water and monovalent ions through their gut, while effectively eliminating excess NaCl via their gills and excreting divalent salts through isotonic urine in their kidneys. In contrast, tetrapods like reptiles and birds face challenges as they cannot produce hyperosmotic urine and instead expel excess salt through specialized glands, ensuring their survival in saline environments.

• marine vertebrates
• hyposmotic body fluids
• teleosts adaptations
• tetrapods salt excretiontext

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