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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY. Anatomy- examines structures/morphology of body parts, forms, organization Physiology- function of body parts Human organism-is an organized unit. Levels of organization. Subatomic part(e−,p⁺, nⁿ )  atoms moleculesmacromolecules

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ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

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  1. ANATOMY PHYSIOLOGY

  2. Anatomy- examines structures/morphology of body parts, forms, organization • Physiology- function of body parts • Human organism-is an organized unit

  3. Levels of organization Subatomic part(e−,p⁺,nⁿ)atomsmoleculesmacromolecules Cells- basic unit of structure + function Tissues- cells organized into layers/masses w/ specific funct. Organs- groups of tissue - complex structures w/ specialized function Organ system- groups of organs that function together Organism- interacting organ system

  4.     atoms/molecules Cells small intestine tissue small intestine  Digestive system Human organism

  5. Characteristics of Life • Movement • Responsiveness • Growth • Reproduction • Respiration • Digestion • Absorption • Circulation • Assimilation • Excretion = metabolism- physical/chemical events that obtain, release, and utilize energy

  6. Mental Mapping • I am walking to Mcdonalds (movement) • I stop at the traffic light (response) • My body is growing (growth) • I am breathing air (respiration) • I get a hamburger and eat it (digestion) • My body absorbs the hamburger (absorption) • The hamburger circulates in my body (circulation) • The hamburger is changed to things my body needs (assimilation) • Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion) • Someday I may reproduce (reproduction)

  7. Requirements of Organisms 1. Water- most abundant subs. In body • Required for metabolic processes • Environment • Transport • Regulating body temp

  8. 2. Food- provide nutrients 3. Oxygen-gas (1/5 of air) • Used in process of releasing energy from nutrients • Energy drives metabolic process

  9. 4. Heat- energy in body • Product of metabolic processes • Controls rate which process occur • More heat= faster reaction

  10. 5. Pressure-force • Plays an important role in breathing • Hydrostatic Pressure- exerted by liquid • EX: blood pressure

  11. Homeostasis • Bodies maintenance of stable internal environment • Remains stable despite changing environment - Takes most metabolic energy

  12. Homeostatic mechanisms • Self regulating control systems (3) • Receptors- give info about conditions in internal envir. • Control center- set point EX: body temp 98.6˚ • Effectors- response that alter conditions

  13. Receptors measure deviations from set point effectors activated to return cond. to norm. • Negative Feedback- deviation is corrected to set point Ex: Room temp 70˚F- air condition/furnace Set point= 70 ˚ Air Condition/Furnace = effector Thermostat= Receptor

  14. Body Homeostatic mechanisms -body temp -reg. of blood pressure -concentration of sugar/glucose

  15. Positive Feedback – process which moves conditions away from normal state - Ex: blood clotting- chemicals stimulate increase clotting to decrease bleeding

  16. Organization of Human Body • Axial portion- body, neck, trunk • Appendicular-arms/legs

  17. Cranial cavity- brain • Vertebral canal- spinal cord surrounded by backbone vertebrae • Thoracic cavity and Abdominopelvic cavity • Viscera- organs within • Diaphragm separates

  18. Thoracic cavity- lungs, mediastinum, heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland • Right Pleural- right lung • Left Pleural- left lung • Mediastinum- esophagus, trachea, thymus gland • pericardial cavity= heart

  19. Abdominopelvic cavity- upper/lower pelvic portion • Abdominal Cavity-stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small intestine • Pelvic Cavity-lg. Intestine, urinary bladder, internal reprod. organs

  20. Small head cavities • Oral cavity- teeth + tongue • Nasal Cavity- divided into right/left sect. By nasal septum • Sphenoidal + frontal sinuses • Orbital cavity- eyes, skeletal muscles, nerves • Mid Ear Cavity- mid ear bones

  21. Serous Membrane - two layered, covers organs • Outer layer = parietal • Inner layer = visceral (lines the organs) • Serous fluid – lubricating fluid

  22. 3 Major Locations • Pleura: lungs • Pericardium: heart • Peritoneal: abdominopelvic cavity

  23. Membrane Names Parietal Pleura / Visceral Pleura Parietal Pericardium / Visceral Pericardium Parietal Peritoneum/ Visceral Peritoneum

  24. ORGAN SYSTEMS

  25. Body Covering Integumentary system - skin, hair, nails, sweat glands - Protects tissues, regulate body temp., house sensory receptors

  26. Support/Movement Skeletal System • bones, ligaments, cartilage • framework, protective shields, movement

  27. Muscular System • Muscles • Contract/pull end together= movement, maintain posture, source of body heat

  28. Integration/Coordination Nervous System • brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs • detects inside/outside changes= body reacts

  29. Endocrine System - pituary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal gland, thymus • Glands that secrete hormones

  30. Transport Cardiovascular system • heart, arteries, capillaries, veins, blood • Blood transports, gases, nutrients, hormones

  31. Lymphatic system • Lymphatic vessels, lymph fluid, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen • Transports fluid • Lymphocytes-cells defend against pathogens

  32. Absorption/Excretion Digestive System -mouth, tongue, teeth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small/lg intestines - breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, excretes waste

  33. Respiratory System • Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs • Exchanges gas b/w blood and air • Oxy in, CO2 out

  34. Urinary System -kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - Removes waste, stores/excretes urine

  35. Reproduction Reproductive system (male/female) Male- scrotum, testes, urethra, penis • produce/maintain/transfer sperm

  36. Female- ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina • produce/transport eggs • Receive sperm • Supports embryo

  37. Anatomical Terminology • Anatomical position: • Standing erect • Face forward • Upper limbs at sides • Palms forward

  38. Superior- above • Inferior- below • Anterior- toward front • Posterior- toward back

  39. Lateral – toward side with respect to midline Ipsilateral-pertains to same side Contralateral- refers to opposite side • Medial- midline divides into equal left/right sides, closer to line is medial • Proximal-closer to the trunk of the body • Distal- farther from trunk of body

  40. Body Sections • Transverse- (horizontal) divides body into inferior and superior portions • Coronal- divides body into anterior/posterior portions • Sagittal- lengthwise cut right/left portions • Midsagittal- sagittal sect. Passes along midline • Parasagittal- sagittal sec passes parallel to midline

  41. Cross section: cut across structure • Oblique section: angular cut • Longitudinal- lengthwise cut

  42. Body Regions Pg 23

  43. Quadrants

  44. http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP14904http://www.wisc-online.com/objects/index_tj.asp?objID=AP14904

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