ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

1. ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY Skeletal System Unit 3

2. Functions of bones • Lower extremities support body weight • Support & protect soft body organs • Movement • Storage • Production of RBC’s

3. Shapes of Bones • Long • Support weight • Withstand force • Arms & legs • Short – cube-like • Wrist & ankles • Flat – thin, flat, curved • Protection • Ribs, sternum & cranium • Irregular – different shapes • Hip, vertebrae

4. Compact Bone Characteristics • Dense, hard osseous, tightly packed • Shafts of long bones & outer surface of other bones • Haversion system • Blood vessels run lateral

5. Cancellous Bone Characteristics • Spongy bone • No haversian systems • Trabeculae • Bony plates separated by irregular spaces • Decrease weight of bone • Contain red bone marrow

6. Red Spongy bone Blood supply for spongy bone Produces blood cells for body to use Yellow Medullary cavity Storage for fat In adults, not associated with blood cell production (hematopoiesis) Functions of Red & Yellow Bone Marrow

7. Parts of Long Bones • Diaphysis • Long shaft • Mostly compact bone • Provides strength • Epiphysis • Enlarged ends • Consists of thin compact bone layer overlying spongy bone • Covered by cartilage • Articulates second bone at a joint

8. Parts of Long Bones • Epiphyseal disc • Band of hyaline cartilage at ends between epiphysis & diaphysis • Growth plate = longitudinal growth • Medullary cavity • Hollow center of diaphysis • Endosteum • Lining of the inside of the medullary cavity

9. Parts of Long Bones • Periosteum • Tough fibrous connective tissue covering all outside surfaces of diaphysis except articular cartilage • Protection of the bone • Point of attachment • Contains blood vessels • Articular cartilage • Found on outer surface of epiphysis • Smooth shiny surface decreases friction

10. Bone Growth & Repair Ossification Flat bones • Osteoblasts – bone forming cells • Migrate to center of thin connective tissue forming flat bone • Secrete calcium & other minerals into spaces between connective tissue = bone Long bones • Osteoblasts invade cartilage, gradually replaced with bone • Articular cartilage & epiphyseal disc not replaced

11. Growing Bones • Longitudinal growth • Epiphyseal disc • Cartilage next to epiphysis multiplies & grow toward diaphysis • Osteoblasts invade cartilage next to diaphysis which becomes ossified • Bone lengthens as long as cartilage continues to form • Sensitive to hormones • GH = growth • Sex hormones = fuse (seal) discs • Injury to disc = retard bone growth

12. Growing Bones • Thicker & wider growth • Osteoblasts • Building bone on the outside • Osteoclasts • Breaking down bone tissue on the inside (bone resorption)

13. Bone Markings Functions • Bone surface irregular & bumpy KnowTable 8-1 • Projections • Markings that stick out, points of attachment for muscles, tendons & ligaments • Styloid process – tongue, larynx muscles • Mastoid process – neck muscles • Grooves & depressions • Form routes for blood vessels & nerves *Projections & depressions help form joints*

14. Axial Skull bones Middle ear bones Vertebral column Bony thorax Appendicular Extremity bones Hip bones Shoulder girdle Skeletal Divisions

15. Skull Bones • Cranium & facial bones • Cranium = 8 bones • Frontal • Parietal (2) • Temporal (2) • Occipital • Sphenoid • Ethmoid

16. Cranium Associated Areas • Temporal area bone markings External auditory meatus Zygomatic process Styloid process Mastoid process • Occipital bone Foramen magnum • Sutures Coronal Squamous Lambdoidal

17. Facial Bones • 14 bones Mandible • Temporomandibular joint Maxillary (2) Palatine (2) Zygomatic (2) Others (nasal, lacrimal, vomer)

18. Sinuses Air cavities 4 paranasal Frontal Ethmoidal Sphenoidal Maxillary Fontanels “soft spots” Anterior Posterior Other Associated Areas

19. Vertebral Column Regions • Vertebrae – 26 bones • Cervical (C1-C7) • C1 – atlas; support • C2 – axis; pivot • Thoracic (T1-T12) • Lumbar (L1-L5) • Sacrum • Coccyx • Associated areas • Intervertebral disc • Vertebral foramen

20. Thoracic Cage • Sternum Manubrium Body Xiphoid process • Ribs • True ribs = 1-7 • False ribs = 8-10 • Floating = 11 & 12 • Costal cartilage

21. Shoulder • Pectoral or shoulder girdle • Clavicle • Scapula • Acromion process

22. Arm • Upper extremities • Humerus • Radius • Ulna

23. Hand • Hand • Carpals (8) • Metacarpals (5) • Phalanges (14)

24. Pelvis • Differences: • Female = broader/shallower • Male = narrower / funnel-like • Sacrum • Coccyx Pelvic girdle – 2 coxal (hip) bones joined together Ilium • Iliac crest Ischium * Obturator foramen • Ischialtuberosity Pubis * Acetabulum • Symphysispubis

25. Leg • Lower extremity • Femur • Greater & lesser trochanter • Patella • Tibia • Medial malleolus • Fibula • Lateral malleolus

26. Foot • Foot • Tarsals (7) • Calcaneus • Metatarsals (5) • Phalanges (14)

27. JOINTS 2 Functions =Hold bones together =Provide flexibility 3 Classification groups =immovable =slightly movable =freely movable (synovial)

28. Synovial Joints • Structures • Articular cartilage • Joint capsule • Synovial membrane • Synovial fluid • Bursae (bursa) • Supporting ligaments

29. Synovial Joints Classifications • Hinge • Ball & socket • Pivot • Saddle • Gliding • Condyloid

30. Flexion Extension Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Hyperextension Abduction Adduction Inversion Eversion Supination Pronation Circumduction Movement of Synovial Joints