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Understanding Computer Systems: Hardware, Software, and People

Explore the main categories of computer systems - hardware, software, and people. Learn about hardware components like input, output, processing, and storage devices. Understand software categories and the roles of end users, programmers, and more.

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Understanding Computer Systems: Hardware, Software, and People

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  1. Computer Systems An Overview

  2. Main Categories • Hardware • The physical components of the system • Software • The instructions that the physical components follow • People • The users and creators of the system CSCI104

  3. Hardware Categories • Input Devices • Allow for the entry of “Real World” data into the system • Output Devices • Allow for the retrieval of information in “Real World” form • Processing Devices • Responsible for the manipulation of the data into information • Storage Devices • Responsible for the long-term storage of data and programs • Communication Devices • Allow for computer systems to communicate directly with each other CSCI104

  4. Input Devices • Key based • Requires significant human processing of data • Keyboard, Keypad • Direct input based • Requires less human processing of data • mouse, joystick, trackball, light pen, touch pad scanner, digital camera CSCI104

  5. Output Devices • Hard Copy Devices • Provides output in a form that can be taken away from the system • Soft Copy Devices • Provides output in a form that requires the user to be at the system or to use another device to capture the output. CSCI104

  6. Output Devices – Hard Copy • Printer • Most common of the hard copy devices • Laser • Ink Jet • Dot Matrix • Plotter • Generally used in specialized situations. • Drum • Flat bed CSCI104

  7. Output Devices – Soft Copy • Monitor • Produces an image on a screen similar to a television set • CRT – Cathode Ray Tube • Flat Screen • Speaker • Requires a sound card for quality output • Robotic • The computer system itself or some device controlled by the computer system moves • Anti-lock brakes, etc. CSCI104

  8. Processing Devices • Central Processing Unit (CPU) • Performs mathematical and logical operations • Pentium 4, Athlon current CPUs • Main Memory • Stores data and programs that are currently being used • 1 gigabytes (GB) minimum in new systems CSCI104

  9. Storage Devices • Fixed Storage • Unit is mounted in the system box • Removable Storage • Media is removable from device • Entire device may be connected by cable and removed from system CSCI104

  10. Storage Devices – Fixed • Hard drive • Multi-platter device that stores data magnetically on surface • Platters rotate at high speed to allow for quick retrieval and storage of data and programs • Retains memory after power is removed unlike main memory CSCI104

  11. Storage Devices – Removable • Magnetic Disk • Floppy disk, ZIP disk, etc. • Magnetic Tape • Used mainly for backup • Optical Disk • CD, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD, DVD-RAM, etc. • Solid State • Memory StickTM, Compact Flash, SDTM/MMC, SmartMedia CSCI104

  12. Communication Devices • Home • Telephone modem • Cable Modem • DSL router • Office • Network Interface Cards (NICs) • Hubs, Switches, etc. CSCI104

  13. Memory capacity 8 bits = 1 byte 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte 1024 KB = 1 megabyte 1024 MB = 1 gigabyte 1024 GB = 1 terabyte 1024 TB = 1 petabyte Speed & Time 1 hertz = 1 cycle/second 1000 hz = 1 kilohertz 1000 khz = 1 megahertz 1000 mhz = 1 gigahertz 1 millisecond (ms) = 1/1,000 second 1 nanosecond (ns) = 1/1,000,000,000 second Hardware Measurement Units CSCI104

  14. Software Categories • System software • Controls the hardware of the computer system • Allows applications to run on the system • Application software • Performs a task which provides a result to the user CSCI104

  15. System Software • Operating System • Manages the hardware • Allocates resources to applications • Utility Software • Used to perform maintenance on the system • Allows for expansion of the system CSCI104

  16. Operating Systems • Microsoft • Windows 8, Windows 7, Windows Vista • Windows XP, Windows 2000, Windows NT • Windows 98, Windows 95, Windows ME • Windows 3.1, DOS • Non-Microsoft • Linux • Unix CSCI104

  17. Application Software • Word Processing • Microsoft Word 2010 • Database • Spreadsheet • Microsoft Excel 2010 • Presentation software • Microsoft PowerPoint 2010 • Games • Graphics CSCI104

  18. People • End users • Use a computer system to allow or help them to perform their work • Programmers • Write the programs that are run on a computer system • Systems analysts • Design computer programs • Computer operators • Maintain the computer systems, usually in a large computer environment • Administrators • Determine needs and usage of the computer systems CSCI104

  19. CSCI104 Requirements • Hardware • Access to D2L for submitting the homework assignments • Access to a computer system to work on the homework • Writing utensil for answering the daily bonus questions • Software • An operating system that is compatible with some recent version of Windows • Microsoft Word 2013, Microsoft Excel 2013, Microsoft PowerPoint 2013 • Time CSCI104

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