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Cellular Respiration AP Biology

Cellular Respiration AP Biology. ATP—Adenosine triphosphate. The energy currency of the cell. ATP powers almost every energy requiring process in cells. http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html. Cellular respiration relies on electron acceptors & electron carriers

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Cellular Respiration AP Biology

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  1. Cellular RespirationAP Biology

  2. ATP—Adenosine triphosphate • The energy currency of the cell. ATP powers almost every energy requiring process in cells http://student.ccbcmd.edu/biotutorials/energy/adpan.html

  3. Cellular respiration relies on electron acceptors & electron carriers NAD+ is an electron acceptor NAD+ + e- NADH NADH is an electron carrier FAD+ is an electron acceptor FAD+ + e-  FADH2 FADH2 is an electron carrier

  4. Key Questions in Cellular Respiration • What is the purpose of glucose? • When does oxygen get consumed? • When does CO2 get produced? • What are the most important end products?

  5. Cellular Respiration—Four Stages Master Chart

  6. Stage 1—Glycolysis Glycolysis Glyco— Lysis—

  7. Step 1 Step 1. Two ATP molecules each provide a phosphate to form a new 6-carbon compound. Two ATP molecules are used.

  8. Step 1 Step 2 Step 2. The six carbon compound is split into two three carbon molecules of PGAL.

  9. Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 3. The two PGAL molecules are oxidized (lose an electron) and receive a phosphate group. The electrons are added to NAD+ to form NADH

  10. Step 1 Step 2 Step 4. The phosphate groups added are removed and each added to ADP to form ATP. The result is the formation of two, three carbon molecules called pyruvic acid. Step 3 Step 4

  11. Major Outcomes of Glycolysis • Splits glucose into two molecules of pyruvate • Yields a net of 2 ATP molecules • Produces 2 NADH molecules

  12. Cellular Respiration—Aerobic Respiration Stage 2: Oxidation of Pyruvate • Steps of Pyruvate Oxidation • Pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrial matrix & reacts with coenzyme A to form acetyl CoA. • 2. CO2 is released • 3. NAD+ is reduced to NADH

  13. Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle Step 1. Acetyl CoA (2 C) combines with OAA (4 C) to form citric acid (6 C).

  14. Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle Step 2. Citric Acid releases a CO2 molecule to form a five-carbon molecule. A hydrogen atom is transferred to NAD+ forming NADH.

  15. Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle Step 3. The five carbon molecule releases a CO2 to form a four carbon compound. NAD+ is reduced again to NADH & ATP is formed.

  16. Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle Step 4. The four carbon compound releases another hydrogen to reduce FAD to FADH.

  17. Stage 3: The Krebs Cycle Step 5. The four carbon compound releases another hydrogen to reduce NAD+ to NADH. This regenerates OAA.

  18. Major Outcomes of the Kreb’s Cycle • Two pyruvic acid molecules convert to two acetyl CoA molecules • The acetyl CoA breaks down • 6 molecules of CO2 are released (waste) • 2 ATP molecules are produced (energy) • 8 NADH are formed (fuels ATP synthesis) • 2 FADH2 are formed (fuels ATP synthesis) • Oxaloacetic Acid is reformed, regenerating the cycle

  19. Electron Transport in the Mitochondria The electron transport chain lines the inner membrane of the mitochondria

  20. Electron Transport in the Mitochondria Step 1. NADH & FADH2 release hydrogen atoms and regenerate NAD+ and FAD. HH+ + e-

  21. Electron Transport in the Mitochondria Step 2. High energy electrons move through the electron transport chain. The energy they lose, pumps the protons (H+) to the other side of the membrane.

  22. Electron Transport in the Mitochondria Step 3. The high concentration of protons move through ATP synthase & form ATP.

  23. Electron Transport in the Mitochondria Step 4. The protons and electrons that reenter the matrix are accepted by oxygen to form H2O.

  24. Major Outcomes of Electron Transport Chain • From one molecule of glucose, each of the eight NADH generates 3 ATP molecules—24 ATP molecules are produced • Each of the two FADH2 generates 2 ATP molecules—4 ATP molecules are produced • Electrons and hydrogen from the two cytoplasmic NADH (produced in glycolysis) are transferred into the mitochondria & yield 6 ATP • Oxygen accepts electrons and protons to form water as a byproduct

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