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ANIMALS

ANIMALS. WHY DO THEY LIVE IN HERDS ?. INTRODUCTION. Many animals live in herds also known as social groups. This is mainly done in order to survive on a day-to-day basis.

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ANIMALS

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  1. ANIMALS WHY DO THEY LIVE IN HERDS ?

  2. INTRODUCTION • Many animals live in herds also known as social groups. This is mainly done in order to survive on a day-to-day basis. • When living in social groups it is such easier to communicate with other individuals and this increases the efficiency of the whole group.

  3. Introduction cont… The sizes of social groups varies from species to species. There are numerous reasons why animals live in groups and these are all inter linked. Even though there are many advantages to living in social groups, there are also some disadvantages.

  4. THERE ARE NUMEROUS REASONS AS TO WHY HERBIVORES LIVE IN HERDS..

  5. Feeding efficiency protection from predators Reproductive efficiency Division of labour Social transmission of information

  6. Reproduction efficiency • There are advantages that animals obtain from being social, however these advantages are different within each species and each has its own pattern of social organization, D Barash (1982).

  7. Benefits amongst species does not occur across-the-board.

  8. Within social groups male and female encounters are easily facilitated and this makes reproduction more efficient, as no time is wasted searching for mates, Barash (1982).

  9. Males and females that do not live in organized colonies often find it difficult to integrate with the opposite sex and the entire process of finding a suitable partner is rather time consuming.

  10. “Nothing is all good or all bad”, according to Barash (1982).

  11. Predation is an important factor which plays a major role in the structuring of social groups. Avoiding Predation

  12. There is safety in numbers. When individuals remain in large groups it is much easier to avoid predators. The larger the social group, the greater the chances of escaping predators.

  13. The confusion effect decreases the likelihood of predation. When avoiding predators, social groups spend less time in antipredator vigilance.

  14. Animals which live in large groups often make use of alarm calls to let individuals of the same group know when predators are spotted. Alarm calls . . .

  15. Animals should not only ensure that they reproduce successfully and avoid being captured by prey, but they should also ensure that they receive enough food to survive, Barash (1982). Efficient feeding

  16. When individuals search for food it is much easier to find food when in part of a group as a larger area can be covered and at the same time there is enough protection.

  17. Animals living in social groups have an advantage over animals who are solitary when it comes to feeding.

  18. Individuals which are part of a group are able to capture prey larger than them irrespective of the average size of individuals in the group.

  19. The biological conditioning of the environment is an effect that animals use to modify their environments. Conditioning their environment

  20. Amongst large social groups there is a greater chance of labour being split between the individual within the group, according to Barash (1982). As individuals specialize in their behaviour, they increase the efficiency of the group, according to Deag (1980). Division of labour

  21. Within social groups individuals are able to obtain information by watching and imitating other individuals. Social transmission of information

  22. They occur in Northern and Southern savannas. Adult female and male do not always live together all the time and get together for mating. Some social groups are small and some are large Warthog- Phacochoerus aethiopicus

  23. Species Loxodonta africana Their societies are made up of Matriarchal clans General composed of cow herds Males live alone Elephants

  24. Barash DP (1982) Social biology and behaviour. Elsevier Science Publishing Co.,Inc., pp: 187-203. ISBN 0-340-28460-9 Deag JM Social behaviour of animals. The Camelot Press Ltd, Southampton. Pp 75 ; 82. ISBN 0-7131-2770 References

  25. King JA (1955) Social behaviour and social organization, and population dynamics in a black tailed prairie dog town in Black Hills of South Dakota. Contribution of the Laboratory of Vertebrates Biology. Ann Arbor: university of Michigan, Rep. No. 67 References cont…

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