COLONIALISM

1. SOUTH AMERICA AND ECUADOR COLONIALISM

2. WHICH WERE THE CONSEQUENCES OF SPANISH CONQUEST? AMERICA AND EUROPE • WHICH WAS CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS DISCOVERY MEANING IN THE LONG AND SHORT TERM? • WHAT KIND OF PEOPLE CAME TO AMERICA AND WHICH WERE THEIR PURPOSES? • HOW DID NATIVES ANSWER TO SPANISH INVASION? • WHAT WAS THEIR BEHAVIOUR? • WHY DID THE SPANISH WIN THE WAR AGAINST THE NATIVES? WHAT TO KNOW ABOUT COLONIALISM IN SOUTH AMERICA AND ECUADOR

3. SPANISH CONQUEST CONSEQUENCES

4. HE WAS BORN IN GENOA AROUND 1451 • HIS ORIGINAL PLAN WAS TO FIND A DIFFERENT WAY TO REACH CIPANGU (JAPAN) • ISABELLA AND FERDINAND BACKED HIS VOYAGE. • HE ARRIVED TO CANARY ISLAND ON OCTOBER 12TH, 1492 • HE SAILED TWO MORE TIMES TO AMERICA. • HE NEVER KNEW HE HAD DISCOVERED A NEW CONTINENT CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

5. THEY CAME FROM LONG WAR AGAINS THE ISLAM. • THEY BELIEVED THEIR GOAL WAS TO TEACH THE CATHOLIC RELIGION. • THEY CAME FROM A FEUDAL SOCIETY • NOBILITY DESPISED ANY MANUAL LABOR • THEY WERE MOVED BY THE DREAM OF BECOMING RICH EASILY • THEY SERVED THE CROWN AND THEY GOT LANDS (SERVICIO Y MERCED) • THEY WERE REWARDE BY BECOMING NOBLES WHO CAME HERE AS CONQUERORS?

6. RESEARCH: • TENOCHTITLAN CONQUEST • VASCO NUÑEZ DE BALBOA • BARTOLOME RUIZ • FRANCISCO PIZARRO • DIEGO DE ALMAGRO • WHO? WHEN? HOW? HOW DID NATIVES ANSWER TO SPANISH CONQUEST?

7. COLONIALISM PROCESS

8. 1529 - 1534

9. AMERICA BECAME PART OF THE CIVILIZED WORLD BY THE SPANISH CONSQUEST SPANISH CAME HERE TO DESTROY NATIVE FORM OF LIVING. COLONIALISM THEORIES IN AMERICA WHICH IS TRUE?

10. ECONOMY • SPANISH BROUGHT ANIMALS SUCH AS HORSES, COWS, PIGS AND CHICKENS. WHAT HAPPENED WITH NATIVE ANIMALS? • SPANISH TOOK BACK TO SPAIN NATIVE PLANTS SUCH AS TOMATOES, CORN, POTATOES, BEANS, TOBACCO AND CACAO. WHAT HAVE THEY BROUGHT TO AMERICA? • ENCOMIENDAS • SOCIETY • NEW CITIES WERE FOUNDED WHERE NATIVES’ TOWNS USED TO BE. • THERE WERE NO TRUE CACIQUES • SPANISH OWNED LANDS AND NATIVES INCLUDED. • POLITICS • SPANISH CONQUERORS FOUGHT FOR GETTING MORE POWER AND LANDS (PIZARRO – ALMAGRO) • VIRREINATOS AND REAL AUDIENCIA 1534 - 1593

11. REAL AUDIENCIANOTH PUERTO DE BUENAVENTURASOUTH PAITA

14. INTERNATIONAL SITUATION: • 17TH CENTURY – SPANISH DECLINE • ENGLAND, HOLLAND AND FRANCE SUCCESS • SPAIN HAD EXPLOITED AMERICAS’ NATURAL RESOURCES WITHOUT PAYING ATTENTION TO COLONY ECONOMY. • PORTUGAL REINFORCE THEIR INFLUENCE IN BRAZIL, AFRICA, INDIA, CHINA AND JAPAN • FRANCE USED THE COMPANY OF THE WEST/EAST INDIES TO GAIN LANDS SPECIALLY IN NORTH AMERICA. • HOLLAND WAS ABLE TO SET COMMERCIAL POSTS WITHOUT CONTROLLING LAND IN AFRICA, ASIA AND AMERICA. • ABSOLUTISM WAS THE WAY OF RULING EUROPE 1593-1721

16. PHILIP II HAD INHERITED THE LARGEST KINGDOM ON EARTH AT THAT TIME. • CARLOS V HAD WASTED AMERICA’S SILVER. • PHILIP II MAIN WORRY WAS TO STOP PROTESTANTS AND CATHOLIC COUNTER MOVEMENT • PHILIP II RULED UNDER A CENTRAL, DESPOTIC AND INQUISITORIAL GOVERNMENT. • AN EXAMPLE OF SPAIN DURING 17TH CENTURY WAS ……. OF MIGUEL DE CERVANTES. As a paradox, America’s wealth made Spain impossible to evolve to a new economy and to a modern society. Why? Spain decline

17. CONSEQUENCES: • INFLATION – DUE TO THE GREAT AMOUNT OF SILVER IN SPANISH HANDS. EXPLAIN • AGRICULTURE WAS NEGLECTED BECAUSE OF MIGRATION AND LANDS ABANDON. WHY? • NON PRODUCTIVE SERVICES WERE IN FASHION. • LATE 17TH CENTURY, SPAIN LOST ITS PROTAGONISM AS A POWERFUL COUNTRY. Spain decline

18. MERCANTILISM: STATES POWER VS. ITS WEALTH • WEALTH: PRECIOUS METALS AND TRADING. • STATE INCOME: • TRADING MONOPOLY (fabrics and wine), • TAXES TO PRODUCTS (OUT AND IN ) It was forbidden to trade between colonies and with other countries beside Spain. • QUITO GOT AN IMPORTAN TEXTIL PRODUCTION (PAÑOS , BAYETAS) • FABRICS WERE MADE IN “OBRAJES” AND “MITAYOS” WORKED THERE. • MITA ( TIME OR SHIFT) • IT WAS A DUTY TO WORK IN ANY ACTIVITY CHOOSEN BY THE AUTHORITIES AND GETTING A SALARY. • MITA SUPPLIED LABOR TO COLONIAL ECONOMY • CACIQUEZ SONS, CRAFTSMEN, AND WHO WERE STUDYING WERE NOT SUBJECT OF MITA. • DURING 17TH CENTURY – GUAYAQUIL WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT PORT IN “REAL AUDIENCIA DE QUITO.” • IT SUFFERED OF SEVERAL PIRATE ATTACKS. ECONOMY IN SPANISH COLONIES

19. THE KING OF SPAIN RULED OVER AMERICAN CHURCH (PATRONATO) • HIS COMITTMENT WAS TO PROTECT AND GIVE THE NECESSARY WARRANTIES TO CATHOLIC RELIGION. STATE VS. CHURCH

20. THE STATE GOT POWER OVER RELIGION AND LAW. • TENTH OF EACH PEOPLE INCOME (DIEZMO) • SECULAR CLERGY AND REGULAR CLERGY DISPUTES. • REGULAR CLERGY INTERNAL AFFAIRS • SPANISH CLERGY AND “CRIOLLOS” CLERGY AFFAIRS THE KING WAS CHRIST INSTRUMENT ON EARTH BUT HE DIDN’T HAVE FULL POWER OVER AMERICAN CHURCH STATE VS. CHURCH

21. CHURCH TRIED TO SPREAD FAITH TO EVERYONE (SOCIAL, ETHNIC, CULTURAL DIVERSITY) • IT TRIED TO PERSUADE BUT NOT ABOLISH THE OLD FAITH. HOW? • CONSEQUENCE OF THAT PATH OF ACTION: • COLONIAL BAROQUE CULTURE • CBC: A MIXTURE OF AN INCLUSIVE SOCIETY AND HIERARCHICAL ORDER CHURCH AND SOCIETY

22. EDUCATION SERVED TO TEACH THE CATHOLIC FAITH WITH A HUMANIST APPROACH • FRANCISCAN – SCHOOLS FOR NATIVES – BIBLE, WRITE, READ, ARTS AND MUSIC. MIGUEL DE SANTIAGO • “COLEGIO SAN ANDRES,” “COLEGIO SAN FERNANDO.” • UNIVERSITIES – “COLEGIO SAN LUIS” (JESUIT) – “UNIVERSIDAD SAN GREGORIO,” “ UNIVERSIDAD SANTO TOMAS AQUINO” (DOMINICANS) • PHILOSOFY, THEOLOGY, CANON AND CIVIL LAW, MEDICINE (LATE 17TH CENTURY) CULTURE AND EDUCATION

23. COLONIAL ORDER WAS REDEFINED • WHY? 1793 - 1808

24. BORBONIC LAWS

25. AMERICAN SPANISH OR “CRIOLLOS” DIDN’T ACCEPT THE BORBONIC LAWS. • WHY? AT THE END OF 18TH CENTURY, SPAIN AND SPANISH AMERICA WERE BOTH POOR AND UNDERDEVELOPED REGIONS CONSEQUENCES

26. CACAO PRODUCTION IN ECUADOR AT THE END OF SPANISH COLONY • COLONIAL SOCIETY FROM 1793 TO 1808 RESEARCH