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Batteries

Batteries. Physics. Power Cell. Device for storing chemical energy and then releasing it in the form of electricity when current is needed. Battery. More than one power cell working together. 9 V battery. Inside a 9 V are 6-1.5 V power cells connected in a row. Parts of a Power Cell.

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Batteries

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  1. Batteries Physics

  2. Power Cell • Device for storing chemical energy and then releasing it in the form of electricity when current is needed

  3. Battery • More than one power cell working together

  4. 9 V battery Inside a 9 V are 6-1.5 V power cells connected in a row.

  5. Parts of a Power Cell 1. Anode • Metal • High affinity for oxygen • Draw oxygen from cathode to become oxidized

  6. Parts of a Cell 2. Cathode • Metallic oxide • Lower affinity for oxygen • Becomes reduced when oxygen is taken

  7. Parts of a Cell 3.Separator • Insulator • Keeps cathode separated from anode to control reaction

  8. Parts of a Cell 4.Current Collector • Connected to anode and cathode • Good conductor 5.Electrolyte • Usually liquid (ionized water, acid/base) • “Domino Effect” of oxygen from cathode to anode

  9. Operation of Power Cell • As anode becomes oxidized, an electron must be given up • Electron flows through anode’s current collector  through circuit (outside of battery) as electrical current  back to cathode’s current collector

  10. Carbon-Zinc (C-Zn) • 1.5 volts • Works well if using 100 mA or less • Low capacity • 3 year shelf life

  11. anode and anode collector NH4Cl ZnCl2 Cathode collector MnO2

  12. Alkaline • 1.5 V: lose voltage gradually • High Capacity (electrical energy) • Last longer • 5 year shelf-life • Better in high drain devices than C-Zn

  13. steel MnO2, graphite Electrolyte KOH Zn powder Metal nail

  14. Lithium • Started off as button cell • Anode: lithium • Cathode: magnesium dioxide • 3 V: Takes up less space with more voltage

  15. Lithium • High Capacity • Low Drain Rate • Toxic: Special disposal • Light Weight

  16. Button Cell • Anode: Zinc or Lithium • Cathode: Silver or Mercury Oxide • Compact • Large Life

  17. Recharging Batteries • A current from an outside source is pushed through the cell in the opposite direction from the original current • Oxygen goes from anode to cathode

  18. Nickel-Cadmium (Ni-Cd) • 1.2 Volts • Low capacity • Memory effect (Rechargeable) • If you re-charge the battery too soon, you lower its capacity

  19. Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) • 1.2 V • Best rechargeable battery • High Capacity • Good for high drainage devices

  20. Lithium-Ion • 3.6 V • Slow-loss of charge (5% per month) • Best energy to weight ratio • No memory effect • Popular for portable electronics (cell phones, IPod)

  21. Ideal Power Cell • Unlimited shelf life • Maximum energy for minimum space • Light weight • Rechargeable (fast and complete)

  22. Ideal Power Cell (cont.) • Consumer proof/Safe • Resistant to environmental extremes • Cost • Perform in a variety of different applications

  23. Diode • Made of semi-conducting material • Only permits current to pass in one direction • L.E.D.: light emitting diode • Longer leg must be connected to positive side of circuit (cathode)

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