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The Digestive System

The Digestive System. Also called the: Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) Alimentary canal Function: Break down food Prepare it for absorption Eliminate waste. Mouth. Pharynx. Salivary glands. Esophagus. Liver. Stomach. Pancreas (behind stomach). Gallbladder (behind liver).

jermaine-conrad
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The Digestive System

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  1. The Digestive System • Also called the: • Gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) • Alimentary canal • Function: • Break down food • Prepare it for absorption • Eliminate waste

  2. Mouth Pharynx Salivary glands Esophagus Liver Stomach Pancreas (behind stomach) Gallbladder (behind liver) Large intestine Small intestine Rectum The Digestive System

  3. The Process of Digestion Two types of digestion: • Mechanical - physical breakdown of food • Chemical - chemical breakdown of food A. Oral (Buccal) cavity - The Mouth 1. Teeth – begins the mechanical digestion 2. Saliva – contains digestive enzymes that help begin the chemical digestive process • Hard palate – anterior roof of the mouth • Soft palate – posterior roof of the mouth

  4. Pharynx – back of the throat • Esophagus – carries food from the pharynx to the stomach • Stomach – saclike structure located in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) that is made of rugae (folds) • 3 main parts: • Fundus – upper part • Body-large central part • Pylorus-funnel shaped part at the lower end of the stomach • Chemical Digestion – hydrochloric acid and enzymes • Mechanical Digestion

  5. Small Intestines • 20 foot long tube that extends from the pyloric sphinctor to the large intestines • Consists of 3 parts: • Duodenum – upper most part – approx. 10 inches long • Jejunum – middle part - approx. 8 feet long • Ileum – lower part - approx. 12 feet long • Digestion is completed here along with enzymes from the pancreas and liver • Contains finger-like projections called villi that aid in absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream

  6. Circular folds Epithelial cells Villi Capillaries Lacteal Vein Artery The Small Intestine Section 38-2 Villus Small Intestine

  7. Large Intestines • Passageway for waste products beginning at the end of the ileum and extending to the anus • About 5 feet in length • Function is to absorb water and minerals and eliminate waste • Cecum – 2-3 inches • Appendix – small appendage • Ascending colon • Transverse colon • Descending colon • Sigmoid colon • Rectum • Anus

  8. Liver Bile duct Pancreas Gallbladder Pancreatic duct Duodenum To small intestine The Liver and the Pancreas Section 38-2

  9. The Digestive Enzymes Section 38-2 Site Mouth Stomach Small intestine(from pancreas) Small intestine Enzyme Role in Digestion Breaks down starches into disaccharides Breaks down proteins into large peptides Continues the breakdown of starch Continues the breakdown of protein Breaks down fat Breaks down remaining disaccharides into monosaccharides Breaks down dipeptides into amino acids. Salivary amylase Pepsin Amylase Trypsin Lipase Maltase, sucrase, lactase Peptidase

  10. Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) • Open sore in the digestive tract caused by: • Action of the hydrochloric acid • Helicobacter pylori bacteria • S/S • Heartburn, abdominal pain • Tx • Antibiotics • Nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory • drugs • Avoiding caffeine, smoking, and • alcohol http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bXZRgJ-1fk

  11. Hernia • Protusion of any organ, tissue, or structure through the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained • Inguinal - groin • Umbilical - umbilicus • Diaphragmatic - abdomen • Hiatal - abdomen • S/S • Varies according to site • Tx • Surgical repair http://www.videomd.com/What-is-a-Hernia-fv-6871.aspx

  12. Intestinal Obstruction • Partial or complete blockage in the small or large intestines that prevents forward flow of digestive products caused by tumors, twisting of the intestines, scar tissue, etc. • S/S • Abdominal pain, vomiting • Lack of bowel sounds • Tx • Insertion of an intestinal tube • Surgery http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZvudWuvMjtA

  13. Hemorrhoids • Enlarged veins in the anal canal caused by pressure from straining during bowel movements, pregnancy, prolonged sitting • S/S • Bleeding, pain, itching • Tx • Cold compresses • Stool softeners • Analgesic ointments • Surgical removal http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fQ18G5WIo-0

  14. Hepatitis • Inflammation of the liver • Hepatitis A - Infectious Hepatitis • Hepatitis B or C - Serum Hepatitis • S/S • Hepatitis A – nausea, vomiting, diarrhea • Hepatitis B, C – possible flu-like symptoms, by may remain asymptomatic for years • Both - Jaundice • Tx • Hepatitis A – no specific tx available • Hepatitis B- vaccination or immune globulin after exposure

  15. Diverticulitis • Small, blisterlike pockets develop in the inner lining of the large intestines and may balloon through the intestinal wall • S/S • Usually asymptomatic unless they become inflamed • Pain in the LLQ, extreme constipation, or diarrhea, fever, occasional blood in the stool • Tx • Antibiotics • Soft diet • Surgery in severe cases http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLDJuZ9Ct7k http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQTbYt6QFzM

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