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Bell Ringer

Bell Ringer. What is a “Freudian slip?” Give an example (if you don’t know… take an educated guess!). Personality. entry #4. Where does our personality come from?. Personality: An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

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Bell Ringer

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  1. Bell Ringer • What is a “Freudian slip?” • Give an example • (if you don’t know… take an educated guess!)

  2. Personality entry #4

  3. Where does our personality come from? Personality: An individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. Each dwarf has a distinct personality.

  4. Psychologists use 5 approaches to explain the development of personality: • 1. Psychoanalytic Approach (aka Psychodynamic) • 2. Humanistic Approach • 3. Trait Approach/The Big 5 • 4. Learning Approach • 5. Social-Cognitive Approach

  5. Psychoanalytic Theory • Describes personality as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion • Believes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that to truly understand who we are we have to analyze the symbolic meaning of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind

  6. Created by Sigmund Freud • Believed we repress (forcibly block from our conscious thought) thoughts, beliefs, and memories that are too upsetting to acknowledge

  7. Exploring the Unconscious A reservoir (unconscious mind) of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. http://www.english.upenn.edu

  8. Dream Analysis Another method to analyze the unconscious mind is through interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams. The Nightmare, Henry Fuseli (1791)

  9. Freud believed our personality is made up of 3 structures: • Id • Ego • Superego

  10. Id • Instincts & impulses • Sexual drives • Aggression • Seeks immediate gratification • Ruled by the “Pleasure Principle” = maximize pleasure, minimize pain • Completely unconscious

  11. Ego • Controls the id • Rational decision-making • Obeys the “Reality Principle” = deals with the demands of reality

  12. Superego • Moral decision making • Is one’s “conscience”  tells you right from wrong

  13. Freud’s Iceberg Analogy

  14. Psychoanalytic Theory • Believes that behavior is merely a surface characteristic and that to truly understand who we are we have to analyze the symbolic meaning of behavior and the deep inner workings of the mind (#2)

  15. Created by Sigmund Freud • Believed we repress (forcibly block from our conscious thought) thoughts, beliefs, and memories that are too upsetting to acknowledge (#3)

  16. Exploring the Unconscious Freud asked patients to say whatever came to their minds (free association) in order to tap the unconscious. (#1) http://www.english.upenn.edu

  17. Freud believed that a person’s personality develops mostly during the first few years of life (#4) • Personality is rooted in unresolved childhood conflicts (#4) • Believed that children pass through 5 Psychosexual stages of development: childhood stages of development during which the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on the erogenous zones (#5)

  18. Fixation • Freud believed that conflicts unresolved during early psychosexual stages could surface as maladaptive behaviors in adult years. Strong conflict could lock, or fixate, the person’s pleasure-seeking behaviors in that stage. • Fixation: being stuck in a stage of development, and carrying the behaviors from that stage into adulthood. (#6)

  19. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • Oral 0-18 months Pleasure focus is on the mouth  sucking, biting, chewing (no key terms for this stage)

  20. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • Anal 18-36 months Pleasure focus is on bowel and bladder elimination coping with demands for control (no key terms for this stage)

  21. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • Phallic 3-6 years Pleasure focus is on genitals coping with incestuous feelings Key terms: Oedipus Complex (a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father), Electra Complex

  22. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • Latency 6-puberty No focus, sexual feelings are dormant (children eventually cope with Oedipus Electra by repressing these feelings and identifying with rival parent= if you can’t beat em, join em) Key terms: Identification superego gains strength and begins to incorporate the parents values (trying to become like parent) Gender Identity: sense of being male or female

  23. Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development • Genital puberty on Focus is on maturation of sexual interests No key terms at this stage

  24. Defense Mechanisms • Defense mechanisms are used by the ego to resolve conflicts and demands between the id and superego. (#11) • These defense mechanisms reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality (#11)

  25. Defense Mechanisms • Repression: bury it in the unconscious • Ex: mugging or rape too traumatic to deal with, push it into unconscious… no recollection of it happening • Projection: disguise your own threatening impulses by attributing them to others • Ex: “She’s such a slut!”

  26. Defense Mechanisms • Denial: the conscious mind ignores or can’t admit the problem • Ex: alcoholics, drug addicts • Displacement: take out feelings on someone/something else completely unrelated to the problem • Ex: you have a fight with your boyfriend and come home and scream at your brother

  27. Defense Mechanisms • Sublimation: take negative behaviors and try to put them towards a positive use • Ex: join football team to redirect aggressive actions • Regression: reverting to an earlier stage of development in response to frustration or an inability to cope – acting infantile/childish • Ex: Bad day at school- come home and curl up in mommy’s lap and suck your thumb

  28. Defense Mechanisms • Rationalization: try to justify our behaviors or feelings – make excuses • Its not my fault I flunked my psych test, Mrs. DeKalb tests are too hard- its unfair! • Reaction Formation: acting the opposite of what you really unconscious think or feel • Mrs. DeKalb you are sooooo pretty and the best teacher ever!

  29. Projective Personality Tests (#20) • Have no clearly defined answers • Use an open-ended format • Present ambiguous stimuli and ask test taker to interpret what they see - The interpretation is thought to reveal information about their personality

  30. Two most common projective personality tests are the • Rorschach Inkblot Test • Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (#21)

  31. Rorschach Inkblot Test • Created by Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach in 1921 • Uses 10 official inkblots • 5 black and white • 2 black and red and white • 3 multicolored

  32. Rorschach Inkblot • Person is shown card with inkblot and asked what they think it could be • Responses to cards are interpreted according to the following factors: • Location  responding to whole card or part of card? • Determinants  responding to particular shaping, coloring, textures • Content  the precise object that the test-taker is seeing • Form  is the answer based on the actual shape of the blot, or are they seeing a different form entirely?

  33. Thematic Apperception Test • Created in the 1930’s by Harvard psychologist Henry Murray • Involves a picture interpretation technique • Test takers are shown ambiguous pictures and asked to create a story for the picture

  34. TAT • Subject’s story may include: • What has led up to the event shown • What is happening at the moment • What the characters are feeling and thinking • What the outcome of the story was

  35. TAT • Each story is carefully analyzed to uncover the test takers unconscious mind, including any • Repressed aspects of personality • Motives and needs for achievement • Power and intimacy • Problem solving abilities

  36. Learning Theory of Personality • 2 learning approaches: • Behaviorism • Social-Learning Theory

  37. Behaviorism • Watson: believed external forces or influences- NOT internal traits or inner conflicts- shape people’s preferences and behavior • Skinner agreed, believed we should focus on how organisms behave, not what’s going on in their mind • Neither believed in the influences of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction

  38. Behaviorists believe our personality is LEANRED and shaped by: • Environmental influences (reinforcements, punishments) • parent/peer approval • Cultural factors • Social customs • Socialization • The process by which we learn socially desirable behaviors and adopt them as part of our personality

  39. Social Learning Theory • Bandura and others agree we learn from our environment, but emphasized that we learn by OBSERVATION of our environment, not just reinforcement and punishment • Said we can influence our environment based on our own internal factors: • Our skills • Our values • Our goals • Our expectations • Self-efficacy expectations: positive thinking about yourself “I think I can… I think I can…”

  40. Bell Ringer • What is a personality trait? • List at least 5 of your personality traits.

  41. Trait Approach –entry #5 • Rather than focusing on unconscious forces and unsatisfactory growth opportunities, some psychologists attempt to explain personality in terms of stable and enduring behavior patters = TRAITS

  42. Trait Approach • Traits are fixed (created) at an early age • Traits are consistent and unchanging = you act/react the same in a variety of situations

  43. Trait Theorists • Hippocrates: said personality caused by combinations of different bodily fluids, which he called humors • Blood  made people sanguine (cheerful) • Black bile  made people meloncholly (sad) • Yellow bile  made people phlegmatic (unconcerned, lazy) • Green bile  made people choleric (irritable, short-tempered)

  44. Trait Theorists • Gordon Allport: defined personality in terms of identifiable behavior patters (traits) -identified 18,000 words representing traits! -Factor analysis is a statistical approach used to describe and relate personality traits = cluster similar traits into groups

  45. Example of factor analysis: • People who describe themselves as outgoing also say that they like excitement, practical jokes, and taking on leadership roles.  these behaviors can be clustered together to describe 1 basic personality trait: =extraversion

  46. Trait Theorists • Raymond Cattell: used factor analysis to develop a 16 Personality Factor inventory -whittled down 18,000 traits in 16 basic source traits

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