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Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

C Red. Carbon Reduction. IFAG NBS Summer School European Business Practice: A British Perspective 16 th July /13 th August 2008. Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia. Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5 th October 2007.

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Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

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  1. CRed Carbon Reduction IFAG NBS Summer School European Business Practice: A British Perspective 16th July /13th August 2008 • Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal 5th October 2007 Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation CRed

  2. Climate Change – the need for Action CRed • Inter- Governmental Panel on Climate Change • The Carbon Reduction Project • The Stern Report • Action taken by UEA

  3. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now

  4. UK Gas Production and Demand Import Gap

  5. Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy Security There is a looming capacity shortfall Even with a full deployment of renewables. A 10% reduction in demand per house will see a rise of 7% in total demand - Increased population decreased household size • Opted Out Coal: Stations can only run for 20 000 hours more and must close by 2015 • New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear station each year beyond 2018 • New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station each year beyond 2018

  6. What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem? How do UK and Japan compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? France Japan UK Per capita Carbon Emissions

  7. Carbon Emissions and Electricity

  8. Electricity Generation i n selected Countries r

  9. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

  10. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

  11. Low Energy Educational Buildings Medical School Phase 2 ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Nursing and Midwifery School Medical School

  12. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

  13. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

  14. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

  15. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity 15 Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

  16. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices 16

  17. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Mechanically ventilated using hollow core slabs as air supply ducts. Incoming air into the AHU

  18. Operation of Main Building Filter Heater Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs Air enters the internal occupied space

  19. Space for future chilling Return air passes through the heat exchanger Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building Return stale air is extracted

  20. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat Winter Day

  21. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room Winter Night

  22. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. night ventilation/ free cooling Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day Summer night

  23. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures. Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning Summer day

  24. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

  25. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays 25

  26. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 26

  27. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 27

  28. Performance of PV cells on ZICER Cost of Generated Electricity Grant was ~ £172 000 out of a total of ~ £480 000 28

  29. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

  30. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

  31. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

  32. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

  33. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

  34. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat from external source High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling

  35. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually 35

  36. The Future: Advanced Gasifier Biomass CHP Plant UEA has grown by over 40% since 2000 and energy demand is increasing. • New Biomass Plant will provide an extra 1.4MWe , and 2MWth • Will produce gas from waste wood which is then used as fuel for CHP plant • Under 7 year payback • Local wood fuel from waste wood and local sustainable sources • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by a further 35%

  37. Reducing Carbon Emissions at the University of East Anglia Reduction with biomass Reduction with biomass When completed the biomass station will reduce total emissions by 32% compared to 2006 and 24.5% compared to 1990

  38. Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible How can these be translated into long term savings?

  39. A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future for business • Awareness Management Offsetting Green Tariffs Renewable Energy Technical Measures

  40. On average each person causes emission of CO2 from energy used. UK ~9 tonnes of CO2 each year. France ~6.5 tonnes Germany ~ 10 tonnes USA ~ 20 tonnes How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)

  41. Raising Awareness At Gao’an No 1 Primary School in Xuhui District, Shanghai • A tumble dryer uses 4 times as much energy as a washing machine. Using it 5 times a week will cost over £100 a year just for this appliance alone and emit over half a tonne of CO2. • 10 gms of carbon dioxide has an equivalent volume of 1 party balloon. • Standby on electrical appliances • 60+ kWh a year - 3000 balloons • at a cost of over £6 per year • Filling up with petrol (~£50 for a full tank – 40 litres) • --------- 90 kg of CO2 (5% of one hot air balloon) How far does one have to drive in a small family car (e.g. 1400 cc Toyota Corolla) to emit as much carbon dioxide as heating an old persons room for 1 hour in Northern Japan or UK? 2.6 km School children at the Al Fatah University, Tripoli, Libya 42

  42. Sharing the Expertise of the University World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management First cohort January 2008 A partnership between The Norwich Business School and the 5** school of Environmental Sciences

  43. Elsewhere CRed CRed CRed Birmingham Carbon Reduction Chester Carbon Reduction Fylde Carbon Reduction CRed North Carolina Carbon Reduction CRed Japan? Carbon Reduction CRed CRed Australia Carbon Reduction Shanghai Carbon Reduction Overseas In the Future

  44. Conclusions • Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years. • Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important. • Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more. • Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of electricity use in building to get the optimum value. • Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly • Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally. • Promoting Awareness can result in up to 25% savings • The Future for UEA: Biomass CHP? Wind Turbines? "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." 45 LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher

  45. WEBSITE cred-uk.org/ This presentation will be available from tomorrow at above WEB Site: follow Academic Links Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) Energy Science Director HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation Charlotte Turner

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