Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia

1. IFAG NBS Summer School European Business Practice: A British Perspective 2nd July / 2nd August 2012 • Business Opportunities from Carbon Reduction Strategies at the University of East Anglia Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) MA, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv

2. Background to Carbon Emissions Low Energy Buildings and their Management at UEA Low Carbon Energy Provision at UEA Photovoltaics CHP Adsorption chilling Biomass Gasification Coffee Break The Energy Tour Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings Energy Security Issues in the UK Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction • Background to Carbon Emissions 2

3. Climate Change – the need for Action CRed • Inter- Governmental Panel on Climate Change • The Carbon Reduction Project • The Stern Report • Action taken by UEA

4. Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003 Summer ice coverage of Arctic Polar Region NASA satellite imagery الصيف الجليد في القطبالشمالي تغطية المنطقة القطبيه ناسا الصور الفضاءيه 2003 1979 تغيرالمناخاثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب 1979 - 2003 • 20% reduction in 24 years • 20 ٪تخفيض في 24 سنوات 4 Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html

5. Comparison of Discoveries and Demand We need to consider alternatives now

6. Energy in the 21st Century Practically Achievable: Renewable Energy:- • 0.01 TW - Tidal (i.e. 0.01 – 0.1 TW) • 0.1 TW - Geothermal; OTEC; Biomass; Wastes • 1 TW - Hydro; Wind; Waves • 10TW – Solar 1 TeraWatt (TW) = 1 billion kW Life Span of Fossil Fuels Decades: Oil, Gas 235U Tar Sands, Oil Shales Centuries: Coal, Geothermal, D-T Fusion 238U, 232Th Millenia: D – D Fusion Conservation is vital for a Sustainable Renewable Future in the Long Term

7. Energy Security is a potentially critical issue for the UK Import Gap Gas Production and Demand in UK Only 50% now provided by UK sources. Warning issued on 17th April 2012 that over-reliance on Norway and imported LNG from Qatar will lead to price rises by end of year Severe Cold Spells Langeled Line to Norway Oil reaches $130 a barrel UK no longer self sufficient in gas Prices have become much more volatile since UK is no longer self sufficient in gas.

8. What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem? How do UK and France compare with other countries? Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others? France Japan UK Per capita Carbon Emissions

9. Carbon Factors for different modes of electricity generation Coal ~ 900 gms/kWh, oil ~ 800+ gms/kWh CCGT ~ 400 gms/kWh Nuclear ~ 10 gms/kWh: Overall UK: ~ 520 – 540 gms/kWh

10. Carbon Emissions and Electricity

11. Electricity Generation i n selected Countries r

12. Background to Carbon Emissions Low Energy Buildings and their Management at UEA Low Carbon Energy Provision at UEA Photovoltaics CHP Adsorption chilling Biomass Gasification Coffee Break The Energy Tour Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings Energy Security Issues in the UK Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction 12

13. Teaching wall Library Student residences Original buildings

14. Nelson Court Constable Terrace

15. Low Energy Educational Buildings Nursing and Midwifery School Thomas Paine Study Centre ZICER Elizabeth Fry Building Medical School Phase 2 Medical School 15 15

16. The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994 Cost ~6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time. Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these. Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.

17. Conservation: management improvements – User Satisfaction thermal comfort +28% air quality +36% lighting +25% noise +26% Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption. A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in

18. ZICER Building Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 50% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control. Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005 awarded by the Carbon Trust.

19. The ZICER Building - Description • Four storeys high and a basement • Total floor area of 2860 sq.m • Two construction types • Main part of the building • High in thermal mass • Air tight • High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity 19 Structural Engineers: Whitby Bird

20. The ground floor open plan office The first floor open plan office The first floor cellular offices 20

21. Operation of Main Building Regenerative heat exchanger Incoming air into the AHU Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space

22. Operation of Main Building Filter 过滤器 Heater 加热器 Air passes through hollow cores in the ceiling slabs 空气通过空心的板层 Air enters the internal occupied space 空气进入内部使用空间

23. Space for future chilling 将来制冷的空间 The return air passes through the heat exchanger 空气回流进入热交换器 Operation of Main Building Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement. Out of the building 出建筑物 Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气

24. Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Stale Air Stale air passes through Exchanger A and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger B before going into building B A 24 24

25. Operation of Regenerative Heat Exchangers Fresh Air Stale Air After ~ 90 seconds the flaps switch over Stale air passes through Exchanger B and heats it up before exhausting to atmosphere Fresh Air is heated by exchanger A before going into building B A 25 25

26. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat. 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量 Winter Day

27. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cold air Cold air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures In late afternoon heating is turned off. Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room Slabs also radiate heat back into room 热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层也把热散发到房间内 Winter Night

28. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Cool air Cool air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Draws out the heat accumulated during the day Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day 把白天聚积的热量带走。 冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器 night ventilation/ free cooling Summer night

29. Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs Warm air Warm air Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning 空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却 混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少/停止对空调的使用 Summer day

30. Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements 800 350 Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%

31. Background to Carbon Emissions Low Energy Buildings and their Management at UEA Low Carbon Energy Provision at UEA Photovoltaics CHP Adsorption chilling Biomass Gasification Coffee Break The Energy Tour Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings Energy Security Issues in the UK Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction 31

32. ZICER Building Photo shows only part of top Floor • Top floor is an exhibition area – also to promote PV • Windows are semi transparent • Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays • Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6/7 kW in 3 arrays 32

33. Performance of PV cells on ZICER All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation The three arrays on the façade respond differently

34. 120 150 180 210 240 Orientation relative to True North

36. Arrangement of Cells on Facade Individual cells are connected horizontally If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected. As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive 36

37. Use of PV generated energy Peak output is 34 kW Sometimes electricity is exported Inverters are only 91% efficient Most use is for computers DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient Need an integrated approach 37

38. 3% Radiation Losses 11% Flue Losses GAS Exhaust Heat Exchanger Engine Generator 36% Electricity 50% Heat Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP Localised generation makes use of waste heat. Reduces conversion losses significantly 36%efficient 61% Flue Losses 86%efficient Engine heat Exchanger

39. UEA’s Combined Heat and Power 3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat

40. Conversion efficiency improvements Before installation After installation This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide

41. Conversion efficiency improvements Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer

42. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat rejected Compressor Condenser Throttle Valve Evaporator Heat extracted for cooling Normal Chilling High Temperature High Pressure Low Temperature Low Pressure

43. Conversion Efficiency Improvements Heat from external source High Temperature High Pressure Heat rejected Desorber Heat Exchanger Condenser Throttle Valve W ~ 0 Evaporator Absorber Low Temperature Low Pressure Heat extracted for cooling Adsorption Chilling

44. A 1 MW Adsorption chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Will provide most of chilling requirements in summer • Will reduce electricity demand in summer • Will increase electricity generated locally • Saves 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually 44

45. The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power • Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands • Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat • Will have under 7 year payback • Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw mills • Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing • student numbers by 250% 45

46. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Photo-Voltaics Absorption Chilling Efficient CHP Advanced Biomass CHP using Gasification 46 46

47. Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling 47 47

48. Background to Carbon Emissions Low Energy Buildings and their Management at UEA Low Carbon Energy Provision at UEA Photovoltaics CHP Adsorption chilling Biomass Gasification Coffee Break The Energy Tour Starts from here at 10:55? Group A will visit ZICER Building first Group B will visit boiler house first Awareness issues Energy Security Issues in the UK Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction 48

49. Awareness Raising and Effective Energy Management are cost effective solutions to save Energy, Reduce Carbon and save money Target Day Results of the “Big Switch-Off” How can these be translated into long term savings? With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possible

50. On average each person causes emission of CO2 from energy used. UK ~9 tonnes of CO2 each year. France ~6.5 tonnes Germany ~ 10 tonnes USA ~ 20 tonnes How many people know what 9 tonnes of CO2 looks like? UK emissions is equivalent to 5 hot air balloons per person per year. In the developing world, the average is under 1 balloon per person "Nobody made a greater mistake than he who did nothing because he thought he could do only a little." Edmund Burke (1727 – 1797)