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Key Questions

Key Questions. Can AVR be performed? Should AVR be performed?. Can AVR Be Performed?. Identify Obstacles to Success Technical: Prior Cardiac Surgery (patent LIMA), Prior XRT, PVD, etc Organ Morbidity: Renal, Pulmonary, Neuro/Cognitive Patient Frailty

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Key Questions

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  1. Key Questions • Can AVR be performed? • Should AVR be performed?

  2. Can AVR Be Performed? • Identify Obstacles to Success • Technical: Prior Cardiac Surgery (patent LIMA), Prior XRT, PVD, etc • Organ Morbidity: Renal, Pulmonary, Neuro/Cognitive • Patient Frailty • Institutional: Presence of Multidisciplinary Care Team with Excellent Outcomes • Estimate Risks: STS, NYS, Euroscore, etc • Family/Social Support

  3. Should AVR Be Performed? • Is the AS severe? • Is there a clear indication for AVR (ie symptoms or CHF)? • Are there other causes for symptoms or for CHF? • Will success impact overall functional status and quality of life? If the Answer is Yes, Don’t Wait for Higher Risk!

  4. Case 1 • 95 y/o woman • History of hypertension and aortic stenosis • NYHA class IV symptoms • Multiple admissions for heart failure in the past year • Echo with critical AS and decreased LV function • Most recent admission, treated with diuretics and discharged home due to advanced age • Readmitted within one week with CHF and BNP >5000 • Renal function: BUN/Cr 24/0.9

  5. Case 1: Echocardiogram • EF – 25% • Severe AS • Peak Velocity - 4.2 m/s • Mean Gradient - 45 mmHg • Valve Area - 0.6 cm2 • Moderate Pulm HTN ~ 50 mmHg

  6. Case 1: Cardiac Catheterization • RA – 30 mmHg • PA – 70/34/48 mmHg • PCW – 35 mmHg • C.O. – 2.0 L/min, C.I. – 1.2 L/min/m2 • Aortic Valve • Peak Gradient – 71 mmHg • Mean Gradient – 45 mmHg • Valve Area – 0.25 cm2 • Severe CAD

  7. Case 1: High Mortality Risk! • STS Risk Calculator • CABG/AVR – Mortality Risk – 33.8% • AVR Alone – Mortality Risk – 27.9% • Logistic EuroSCORE • CABG/AVR – Mortality Risk – 78.8%

  8. Case 1 What Would You Do? • BAV • TAVI • Surgical AVR – surgeons refused • Palliative Care

  9. Patient is now 100 years old and still lives independently. There have been no admissions for CHF in the last 5 years

  10. Case 2 • 80 y/o man with history of CABG 18 years ago presents with progressive dyspnea on exertion • Asymptomatic with negative stress tests until 3 years ago when his walking became limited by spinal stenosis • 1 year ago, his wife noted that he was SOB walking short distances indoors

  11. Case 2: Additional History • Progressive short-term memory loss • Multiple TIA’s over the past 2 years • CNS Imaging shows multiple old fronto-parietal infarcts • No significant extra-cranial vascular disease

  12. Case 2: Echocardiogram • Severe AS • Peak velocity 4.3 • AVA 0.7 cm2 • EF normal

  13. Case 2: Cardiac Catheterization • RA 7 mmHg • PA 32/7 mmHg • PCWP 12 mmHg • PA Sat 68% • Mean AV gradient 40 mmHg • AVA 0.68 cm2 • Coronary angiography: • Patent LIMA to LAD • Patent SVG to OM • Occluded SVG to RCA • Severe native 3VD

  14. Case 2 Risk Calculator • STS 2.9% mortality, 20% morbidity • Euroscore 26.8% mortality What Would You Do? • BAV • TAVI – not a PARTNER candidate • Surgical AVR – surgeons refused • Palliative Care

  15. Case 2: Balloon Aortic Valvuloplasty • Post BAV: • gradient 8 mmHg • AVA 1.4 cm2

  16. Case 2 • Wife reported resolution of dyspnea for approximately 2 months • 2 months later, repeat Echo showed peak velocity 3.9 mmHg, AVA 0.9 cm2 • Underwent successful transfemoral TAVI with 26mm Edwards-Sapien Valve

  17. Case 2: Post-op Course • Persistent somnolence, but no new infarct by CNS imaging • Discharged after 5 days • 2 years later • Wife reports dyspnea resolved • Severe dementia

  18. Mitral Regurgitation in Older Adults • Moderate to severe MR is present in 10% of adults over 75. • Degenerative • Functional • Ischemic • Dilated cardiomyopathy

  19. Goals of Treatment • Functional MR: • Improve symptoms • Improve QOL • Decrease hospitalizations for CHF • Degenerative MR: • Eliminate symptoms • Maintain normal survival

  20. Degenerative MR • Primary disease of the valve leaflets and chordea • Myxomatous • Diffuse calcific degeneration • Regurgitation results from either excess leaflet motion or restriction of leaflets and annular contraction • LV function is initially normal

  21. Degenerative (myxomatous) MR O'Gara, P. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol Img 2008;1:221-237

  22. Degenerative MRSurgical Indications • Severe MR prior to consequence (IIa) • Severe MR with consequence • Symptoms (I) • LV Dysfunction (I) (30< EF < 60) • Atrial Fibrillation (IIa) • Pulmonary Hypertension (IIa) • Severe MR with EF < 30 with structural mitral disease and high likelihood of repair (IIa) with NYHA III-IV

  23. Degenerative MRSurgical Indications • Severe MR prior to consequence (IIa) • Severe MR with consequence • Symptoms (I) • LV Dysfunction (I) (30< EF < 60) • Atrial Fibrillation (IIa) • Pulmonary Hypertension (IIa) • Severe MR with EF < 30 with structural mitral disease and high likelihood of repair (IIa) with NYHA III-IV

  24. Survival of operative survivors after MR surgery stratified by age at surgery Detaint D et al. Circulation 2006;114:265-272

  25. Trends in operative mortality for MR surgery Contemporary Results in Age > 80 30 day mortality 5% 3 month mortality 13% Complications Stroke: 5% repair, 7% replacement Prolonged ventilation 50% Acute renal failure 10% Nioga L, Euro J CT Surg, 39 (2011) 875-880 In patients over 80 7.7% stroke rate for MVR Detaint D et al. Circulation 2006;114:265-272 DiGregorio, Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 2004

  26. Mitral valve Surgical Outcomes in octoagenarians Chikwe et al. Eur Heart Journal 2010;32:618-626

  27. Functional MR • Primary disease of LV: Local-ischemic MR Global-dilated cardiomyopathy • MR results from restricted valve leaflet motion • LV function is initially depressed

  28. Mechanisms of Ischemic Mitral Regurgitation Increased tethering Decreased closing force Bulging MR Papillary muscle traction Annular dilatation

  29. Degree of MR predicts Survival in CHF (Ischemic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy)

  30. Functional MR -Current Treatment Options • Medical • RAAS inhibition (ACE inhibition, ARB) • Beta-Blockers • Relieve ischemia • Cardiac resynchronization therapy • Surgical/Transcatheter techniques - Reduction annuloplasty • Alfieri, Chordal, LV remodeling, LV restraint, posterior leaflet extension, mitral valve replacement • Catheter-based annuloplasty and restraint devices

  31. Surgical Outcomes • Ischemic MR – in general • Operative mortality 5-10% overall • ~50% five year survival with surgery • Symptomatic benefit in many • Recurrence rate problematic • Effect on mortality unknown • Ischemic MR – paucity of data in elderly • Less than 50% 1 year survival in octogenarians1 • Effect on symptoms and quality of life unknown 1Nioga L, Euro J CT Surg, 39 (2011) 875-880

  32. Decision Not To Operate In Symptomatic Severe MR n = 546 49% of patients in the Euro Heart Survey on valvular heart disease with symptomatic severe MR were not operated on. Mirabel et al. Eur Heart Journal 2007;28:1358-1365

  33. Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair: Mitral Clip

  34. MR High Risk Registry: Mitral Clip • Mean age 76 • 60% functional MR • Ejection fraction: 54% • STS Score 14% • In hospital mortality = 7.2% • No strokes CHF hospitalizations reduced by 26% Whitlow, P. L. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;59:130-139

  35. Older Adult with MR Case • 75 y/o man with CAD s/p CABG 14 years ago after inferior MI • Post CABG noted to have progressively decreased LV function, MR, and CHF • 3 years ago CRT-D with marked improvement in symptoms • 6 months of progressive fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea, edema, and ascites despite maximal medical therapy • Rapid loss of independence, yet still working

  36. Physical Exam • VS: BP 90/60, P 70 • Ill appearing elderly man • JVP elevated to angle of the jaw with prominent V wave • Bilateral pleural effusions • PMI in anterior axillary line • Loud systolic murmur at the apex • Pulsatile liver and ascites • Pedal edema to the knees

  37. Studies • Labs: BUN 60/Cr 1.9 • EKG: BiV paced • CXR: enlarged heart and bilateral pleural effusions

  38. Cardiac Catheterization • Coronary angiography: Patent LIMA-LAD, Patent SVG OM1-OM2, Occluded SVG-PDA and Occluded RCA • LVEF 35%, Moderate MR • Hemodynamics: RA 12, PA 45/26/32, PCWP 20, CI 2.2, PVR 5 • With exercise: PA 60/36, mean PCWP 28, V wave to 45

  39. Referred for Surgery • Tissue MVR and Tricuspid Valve Repair • 1 month later, exercise tolerance had improved and orthopnea and edema had resolved • Lasix dose decreased from 80 mg bid to 80 mg daily • BUN and Cr normalized

  40. 3 Year Follow-up • Patient had to cancel his last visit because he was too busy running a retailing business. • Patient works daily. • Patient lives independently. • Symptom free.

  41. Conclusions • Valvular disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in older adults • Treatment should focus on symptom relief and maintenance of functionality • Improvement in surgical outcomes and emerging percutaneous therapies make treatment available to more high risk patients • Optimizing the timing and selection of the appropriate therapies is evolving

  42. AS in older adults Reasons for Treatment Allocation Wenaweser, P. et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;58:2151-2162

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