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The HUMAN BODY

The HUMAN BODY. Chapters 31 and 34 Nervous and Endocrine Systems. Chapter 31.1 The Neuron. Objectives Identify the functions of the nervous system Describe the function of neurons Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted. NERVOUS SYSTEM. Function:

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The HUMAN BODY

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  1. The HUMAN BODY Chapters 31 and 34 Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  2. Chapter 31.1 The Neuron • Objectives • Identify the functions of the nervous system • Describe the function of neurons • Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted

  3. NERVOUS SYSTEM • Function: • Send and receive messages within the body • Respond to stimuli Systems: -Central Nervous System -Peripheral Nervous System

  4. Nerve Cells AKA Neurons • Neuron- basic unit of structure and function of the nervous system • Bundles of neurons form nerves

  5. Parts of a Neuron: -Dendrite -Cell Body -Axon -Myelin sheath (speeds up impulses) -Axon Terminals

  6. Types of Neurons • Sensory Neurons: Impulse from sense organ to spinal cord/brain • Motor Neurons: Impulse from brain/spinal cord to muscles and glands • Interneurons: Connect sensory and motor neurons

  7. Nerve Transmission • Messages are electrical and chemical signals • An electric charge is conducted down a neuron (Dendrite to axon) • Axon is covered in an insulating layer called a myelin sheath to speed up impulses • As it reaches the end of the axon, chemicals (neurotransmitters) are released across the synapse (gap between neurons) to the next neuron • The message continues neuron to neuron

  8. Nerve Impulse Videos Neurons: Nerve Cells Describe the path of nerve transmission that allows the batter to hit a ball. Reflexes How is a reflex different from the example of the batter hitting a ball in the previous video clip?

  9. Check-in • What is the function of the nervous system? • Send and receive messages and respond to stimuli • Basic unit of structure and function of nervous system • Neuron (nerve cell) • Part of neuron that receives the impulse • Dendrite

  10. Check-in • Type of neuron that sends message from sense organ to spinal cord/brain • Sensory neuron • Type of neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons • Interneuron

  11. Chapter 31.2 Central Nervous System • Objectives • Discuss the functions of the brain and spinal cord • Discuss the effects of drugs on the brain

  12. Central Nervous System • Brain- control center; transmits and receives messages • Cerebrum • Cerebellum • Brain Stem (midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.) • Spinal Cord- connects brain with rest of the nervous system

  13. Brain function fun! • The Brain

  14. Addiction and the Brain • Dopamine – neurotransmitter released with pleasurable activities • Addictive drugs cause large release of dopamine (resulting in “high”) • Brain reacts by reducing number of receptors for dopamine  normal activities no longer produce the pleasure they once did

  15. Check-in • Part of brain that controls balance • Cerebellum • Part of brain that controls heart rate • Brain stem (medulla oblongata) • Part of brain that controls thinking • Cerebrum (frontal lobe) • Part of brain that controls body temperature • Hypothalamus

  16. Check-in • Neurotransmitter associated with pleasure • Dopamine • Why do addictive drugs create a cycle in which more and more is needed to get the “high”? • Because brain responds to excess dopamine released when they are taken by decreasing the number of dopamine receptors

  17. Chapters 31.3 and 31.4 Peripheral Nervous System & Senses • Objectives • Discuss the functions of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system • Identify the five sense organs and the sensory receptors associated with each • Discuss the functions of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system

  18. Peripheral Nervous System • Link between the central nervous system and the rest of the body • Network of nerves throughout the body *Made of many neurons

  19. Sensory Division • Transmits impulses from sense organs to central nervous system • Uses sensory receptors • Chemoreceptors • Photoreceptors • Mechanoreceptors • Thermoreceptors • Pain receptors

  20. SENSES • Vision- eyes • Hearing and Balance- ears • Smell and taste- nose and mouth • Touch- skin

  21. Motor Division • Transmits impulses from central nervous system to muscles or glands • Somatic nervous system: regulates activities under conscious control • Autonomic nervous system: regulates activities that are automatic or involuntary

  22. Check-in Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Division Motor Division Impulses from sense organs to CNS Impulses from CNS to muscles/glands Somatic Autonomic Conscious control Involuntary control

  23. Check-in • Hearing/balance • Smell • Taste • Touch • Vision • Chemoreceptor • Mechanoreceptor • Pain receptor • Photoreceptor • Thermoreceptor

  24. Chapter 34.1 and 34.2Endocrine System • Objectives • Describe the structure and function of the endocrine system • Identify the functions of the major endocrine glands

  25. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • Function- produce chemical messengers (hormones) from glands to regulate certain body activities

  26. What are hormones? Glands? • Hormone: chemical messenger • Gland: organ that produces and releases a substance • Exocrine: release substances out of body or into digestive tract • Endocrine: release hormones directly into blood

  27. Glands of Endocrine System Head Region: -Pituitary: controls other glands -Pineal Gland: regulates sleep and wake cycle, along with other basic functions -Hypothalamus: controls secretions of the pituitary gland (link between endocrine and nervous system)

  28. Glands of the Endocrine System Neck Region: -Thyroid: regulates metabolism (rate at which food is turned into energy) -Parathyroids: maintains homeostasis in blood calcium levels

  29. Glands of the Endocrine System Abdominal Region: -Adrenals: helps body prepare for and deal with stress (fight or flight) -Pancreas: Releases insulin and glucagon to regulate level of glucose in blood

  30. Glands of the Endocrine System Reproductive Region: -Ovaries (females): produce eggs and estrogen to create female characteristics -Testes (males): produce sperm and testosterone to create male characteristics

  31. Check-in • Controls the pituitary gland • Hypothalamus • Regulates metabolism • Thyroid • Regulates sleep/wake cycle • Pineal • Controls other glands • Pituitary

  32. Check-in • Produces eggs and estrogen • Ovary • Helps deal with stress (fight or flight) • Adrenal • Maintain blood calcium levels • Parathyroid • Regulates blood glucose/sugar levels • Pancreas

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