The Human Body:

1. The Human Body: An Orientation Ch 1

2. Anatomy: • Study of the structure of • body parts • Gross- large body structures • Regional- all parts in • a specific region • Developmental- structural • changes over a life time • Embryology- developmental • changes that occur before birth • Physiology: • Study of the body’s function • Cardiovascular • Renal • Reproductive • Neurophysiology Complementarity of structure and function

3. Levels of Structural Organization • Atoms • Molecules • Organelles • Cells • Tissues • Organs • Organ Systems • Organism

4. DNA molecule carbon atom organelle cell tissue organism organ system organ Levels of Structural Organization

5. Basic Life Processes • Metabolism • Responsiveness • Movement • Growth • Differentiation • Reproduction

6. Metabolism • The sum total of the chemical processes that occur in living organisms, resulting in growth, production of energy, elimination of waste material, etc. • Anabolism- build up of complex molecules • Catabolism- break down of complex molecules

7. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

9. Homeostasis All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly • Temperature • pH • Salinity • Fluid levels

10. Homeostasis Relatively stable internal environment

11. Negative Feedback vs Positive Feedback

12. Feedback Systems • Receptor • Control center • Effector

13. Negative Feedback Body Temperature Regulation

14. Negative Feedback Blood Sugar Levels

15. Positive Feedback 1 Break or tearoccurs in bloodvessel wall. Positive feedbackcycle is initiated. 3 2 Releasedchemicalsattract moreplatelets. Plateletsadhere to siteand releasechemicals. Positivefeedbackloop Feedback cycle endswhen plug is formed. 4 Platelet plugforms.

16. Positive Feedback Oxytocin

17. Homeostasic Imbalance Moderate imbalance: • Disease • Disorder Severe imbalance: • Death

18. Hair Nails Skin (a) Integumentary System Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands. Figure 1.3a

19. Bones Joint (b) Skeletal System Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals. Figure 1.3b

20. Skeletal muscles (c)Muscular System Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Main- tains posture, and produces heat. Figure 1.3c

21. Brain Nerves Spinal cord (d) Nervous System As the fast-acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Figure 1.3d

22. Pineal gland Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis Ovary (e) Endocrine System Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells. Figure 1.3e

23. Heart Blood vessels (f) Cardiovascular System Blood vessels transport blood, whichcarries oxygen, carbon dioxide,nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumpsblood. Figure 1.3f

24. Red bone marrow Thymus Lymphatic vessels Thoracic duct Spleen Lymph nodes (g) Lymphatic System/Immunity Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. The immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body. Figure 1.3g

25. Nasal cavity Pharynx Bronchus Larynx Trachea Lung (h) Respiratory System Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs. Figure 1.3h

26. Oral cavity Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Rectum Anus (i) Digestive System Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces. Figure 1.3i

27. Kidney Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra (j) Urinary System Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood. Figure 1.3j

28. Mammary glands (in breasts) Prostate gland Ovary Penis Ductus deferens Testis Uterine tube Scrotum Uterus Vagina (l) Female Reproductive System (k) Male Reproductive System Overall function is production of offspring. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone, and male ducts and glands aid in delivery of sperm to the female reproductive tract. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones. The remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus. Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn. Figure 1.3k-l

29. Orientation & Directional Terms

30. Orientation & Directional Terms

31. Body Planes Superior Medial & Lateral Frontal plane oblique Distal Transverse plane Proximal Posterior Inferior Anterior Midsagittal plane

32. Dorsal & Ventral Body Cavities

33. Membranes

34. Serous Membrane • Organs surrounded by double layer membrane called serosa or serous membrane • Composed mostly of simple squamous epithelia and a little connective tissue • Filled with serous fluid- function reduce friction • Parietal (outer) vs Visceral (inner)-- both secrete serous fluid

35. Serous Membrane Pericardial membrane Parietal pericardium Serous fluid Visceral pericardium

36. Serous Membrane Pleural membrane Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Serous fluid

37. Serous Membrane Peritoneal membrane Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity

38. Diseases • pleurisyinflammation of pleura • peritonitisinflammation of peritonea • pericarditis inflammation of pericardia

39. Mucus Membranes Nasal cavity mouth esophagus bronchi stomach

40. Cutaneous Membranes

41. Synovial Membranes Synovial membrane Joint cavity (containing synovial fluid)

42. Abdominopelvic Regions

43. Abdominopelvic Regions • Hypogastric- large intestine, sm intestine, bladder • Umbilical- sm and lg intestine • Epigastric- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas • Right hypochondriac- liver • Left hypochondriac- stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas • Right lumbar- large and small intestine • Left lumbar- large and small intestine • Right iliac- large intestine, cecum • Left iliac- large intestine

44. Medical History

45. Ancient Greece • Hippocrates (460 – 370? B.C.) • Greek physician • Diseases have natural causes • Rejected view that disease caused by evil spirits • Believed that the brain was area of higher thought and emotion, not heart • Program for good health: rest, good nutrition, and exercise. • Started “Western Medicine”

46. Hippocrates’ Four Humors • Blood: considered to be made by the liver. • Phlegm: associated with the lungs. • Yellow bile: associated with the gall bladder. • Black bile:associated with the spleen.

47. Imbalances of the Humors Cause Disease • Sanguine: Disease, excess blood • Phlegmatic: Disease, excess phlegm • Choleric: Disease, excess yellow bile • Melancholic: Disease, excess black bile

48. Roman Times • Galen (130 - 200 A.D.) • Anatomy & Physiology • disease resulted from an internal imbalance of the four humors • Mistakes in understanding circulation • Research based on ape dissection • Textbook used for 1000 years

49. Dark Ages- 200 to 1200 A.D. • Sad time • Little new knowledge • Taboo against dissecting human cadavers continued • Avoided actual involvement • Authority prevails

50. Renaissance • da Vinci(1452-1515) • Anatomy & Physiology