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Chapter 15: Niphal Verb Stem

Chapter 15: Niphal Verb Stem. הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ as one brothers dwell and how pleasant how good behold  How good and pleasant it is when brothers live together in unity! (repeat) Chorus:

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Chapter 15: Niphal Verb Stem

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  1. Chapter 15: Niphal Verb Stem

  2. הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב וּמַה־נָּעִים שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ • as one brothers dwell and how pleasant how good behold •  How good and pleasant it is when brothers live togetherin unity! (repeat) • Chorus: • הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ • How good when brothers live togetherin unity! • הִנֵּה מַה־טּוֹב שֶׁבֶת אַחִים גַּם־ יָֽחַד׃ • How good when brothers live togetherin unity!

  3. 4.L. Sing: Shema lullaby • שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל יְהוָה אֱלֹהֵינוּ יְהוָה אֶחָֽד׃ (Deut. 6:4) • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pIOpZ9fQLbU&t=0s&list=PLnNXzYjQerJia_8yTy8OrM2K-BiN5OEup&index=2 • or search Youtube for: “Shema Lullaby Judy Ginsburgh” • Shabbat Shalom Medley • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MBgACM_LcE&list=RDEMSL0J_ngrs5U8EoQWZITH5w&index=9

  4. 5.I.OsehShalom • עֹשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיוHe who makes peace in his high places • הוּא יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵיֽנוּ • may he let peace descent on us • וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל • and on all Israel • אָמֵן וְאִמְרוּ אִמְרוּ • and say, say: Amen.

  5. 5.I.Oseh Shalom • יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם • May he make peace, • יַעֲשֶׂה שָׁלוֹם • may he make peace • שָׁלוֹם עָלֵיֽנוּ • Peace​​ for us • וְעַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל • and for all Israel

  6. Alphabet Song א ב ג ד ה ו ז ח ט י כ ל מ נ ס ע פ צ ק ר שׂ שׁ ת

  7. Vanquishing the Vowel

  8. Qal Perfect Chant • 1CS שָׁמַרְתִּיI guarded 1 CP שָׁמַרְנוּ we guarded • 2 MS שָׁמַרְתָּ you (m.) guarded 2 MP שְׁמַרְתֶּם you (m.) guarded • 2 FS שָׁמַרְתְּ you (f.) guarded 2 FP שְׁמַרְתֶּן you (f.) guarded • 3 MS שָׁמַר he guarded 3 CP שָֽׁמְרוּ they guarded • 3 FS שָֽׁמְרָה she guarded

  9. Noun Chant • Masculine • דָּבָרדְּבַרדְּבָרִיםדִּבְרֵי • Feminine • תּוֹרָהתּוֹרַתתּוֹרוֺתתּוֹרוֹת • Dual: יָדיָדַיִםיַדיְדֵי

  10. Chant Personal Pronouns • 1st common אֲנִי I אֲנַחְנוּ we • 2nd masc. אַתָּה you (m.) אַתֶּם you /ye / you all (m.) • 2nd fem. אַתְּ you (f.) אַתֶּןyou / ye / you all (f.) • 3rd masc. הוּא he / it הֵםthey (m.) • 3rd fem. הִיא she / it הֵן they (f.)

  11. Chant: Preposition with Pronominal Suffixes • 1 CS בִּי in me 1 CPבָּנוּ in us • 2 MSבְּךָ in you (m.) 2 MPבָּכֶם in you (m.) • 2 FSבְּךְ in you (f.) 2 FPבָּכֶן in you (f.) • 3 MSבּוֹin him 3 MPבָּהֶם in them (m.) • 3 FSבָּהּin her 3 FPבָּהֶן in them (f.)

  12. Demonstrative Pronouns: this and that • This / these that / those who, which • זֶהאֵלֶּה הוּא הֵמָה / הֵםאֲשֶׁר • זֹאת אֵלֶּה הִיא הֵנָּה / הֵן

  13. Qal Imperfect Chant • 1CS אֶשְׁמֹר 1CPנִשְׁמֹר • 2MS תִּשְׁמֹר 2MPתִּשְׁמְרוּ • 2FS תִּשְׁמְרִי 2FPתִּשְׁמֹרְנָה • 3MS יִשְׁמֹר 3MPיִשְׁמְרוּ • 3FS תִּשְׁמֹר 3FPתִּשְׁמֹרְנָה

  14. 9. F. Chant: Qal Perfect Weak Verb • ‘Ayin-Yôd/VāvLāmed-Hē • קוּםבָּנָהנָתַן • to rise to build to give • 1CSקַמְתִּיבָּנִיתִינָתַתִּי • 2MP קַמְתֶּם בְּנִיתֶם נְתַתֶּם • 3CP קָמוּ בָּנוּנָתְנוּ • בָּנְתָה(3fs)

  15. 10.B. Chant: Ι. Pē position--weak guttural • Regular Pē-Nûn, Pē-Yôd, Pē-’ĀlefPē-Guttural • תִּשְׁמֹר נָפַליָשַׁבאָמַרעָמַד • 2MS/3FS תִּפֹּל תֵּשֵׁבתֹּאמַרתַּעֲמֹד

  16. 10.C. Chant II. ‘Ayinposition weak guttural: • Regular ‘Ayin-Yôd/Vāv‘Ayin guttural Double ‘Ayin • תִּשְׁמֹר קוּםבָּחַרתָּמַם • 2MS/3FSתָּקוּם תִּבְחַר תֵּתַם

  17. 10.D.Chant: III. Lāmedposition: • Regular Lāmed-HēLāmed-guttural Lāmed-’Ālefתִּשְׁמֹר בָּנָהשָׁלַחמָצָא • 2MS/3FSתִּבְנֶהתִּשְׁלַחתִּמְצָא

  18. 11. D. Learn the following chant for שָׁמַר: Imperative chant • 2msשְׁמֹר[you, m.s.] guard 2mp שִׁמְרוּ [you m.p.] guard • 2fsשִׁמְרִי [you, f.s.] guard 2fpשְׁמֹרְנָה [you f.p.] guard

  19. 12. A. Introduction to Infinitives • Inf. Construct: שָׁמֹר (note it is the same as the 2ms Imperative) • Inf. Absolute: שָׁמוֹר

  20. 13. C. Participle chant: • QalActive Participle • Singular Plural • Masculine שֹׁמֵרשֹׁמְרִים • Feminineשֹׁמְרָה /שֹׁמְרֶתשֹׁמְרוֹת

  21. 13. C. Participle chant: • QalPassive Participle • Singular Plural • Masculine שָֽׁמוּרשְׁמוּרִים • Feminineשְׁמוּרָהשְׁמוּרוֹת

  22. 15 A. Introduction • We have focused on the Qal stem as it dominates covering almost 70% of the verbs in the Tanak. • We have learned the perfect, imperfect, imperative, infintives, and participle forms of the qal stem. • We’ve also examined the modifications that happen with the weak verbs. • The next series of chapters will now begin to master the other binyanim or verb stems.

  23. 15 A. Introduction • While the name of the Qal stem is built off of the word קָלַל which means light or simple, the others will be built off the verb פָּעַל (to do, make). • Hence they are called the Niphal (נִפְעַל). It is sometimes written Nif’al. • Note that פָּעַל is the root to which the נִ prefix is added and the vowels shifted from the simple Qal form שָׁמַר.

  24. Verbal system has seven constructions/ patterns • Verbal system has seven constructions/patterns or binyanim[בִּנְיָנִים] • The verbal system may be described as seven variations or stems built off the basic root (שֹׁ֫רֶשׁ= root) and pictured as:

  25. The Seven binyanim[בִּנְיָנִים]) • 7 Verb Patterns (called binyanim[בִּנְיָנִים]) • Simple Intensive Causative • Active Qal (שָׁמַר) Piel( שִׁמֵּר)Hiphil( הִשְׁמִיר) • Passive Niphal (נִשְׁמַר) Pual (שֻׁמַּר) Hophal (הָשְׁמַר) • Reflexive Hithpael(הִשְׁתַּמֵּר)

  26. Seven verb patterns (the verb פָּעַל—(to make) is used to identify the patterns • Qal (קַל: simple/light, from קָלַל it was light) – פָּעַלPā‘al– he made – 49,942x • Niphal – נִפְעַלNip‘al– he was made (passive) – 4161x • Piel – פִּיעֵלPî‘êl– he made (intensive) – 6491x • Hiphil -- הִפְעִילHipîl – he caused to make (causative)– 9386x

  27. Seven verb patterns • Hithpael – הִתְפַּעֵלHitpa‘ēl – he made himself (intensive reflexive)– 842x • Pual – פּוּעַלPû‘al – he was made (intensive passive) – 417x • Hophal -- Hophal (הָפְעַל) -- he was caused to make (causative passive)– 392x

  28. 15 B. The usage of the Niphal • It is basically the passive of the Qal. • An active verb is one where the subject does the action of the verb (e.g. Terry hit the ball). • A passive verb is one where the subject receives the action of the verb (e.g. Terry was hit by the ball). • Usually the passive form in English is achieved by inserting some form of the “is” verb, in the case above “was” shifts the “hit” to the passive where “Terry” receives the action of the verb even though he is the subject. • So מָצַא is “he found” and נִמְצָא is “he was found” or שָׁמַע is “he hears” and נִשְׁמַע is “he was heard.”

  29. 15 B. The usage of the Niphal • Quite often the passive in Hebrew will not express the agent (e.g. “the ball) although in Hebrew the agent is often may be indicated by a prepositionalבְּ orלְor מִן • Some verbs (סָתַר–to hide; שָׁמַר) the Niphal can be used for a reflexive (נִסְתַּר– he hid himselfְ; נִשְׁמַר he kept himself). • Some verbs have no Qal in which case the Niphal form is used for the active meaning similar to if it had been a Qal (נִלְחַם—he fought; נִשְׁבַּע—he swore)

  30. 15 C. The morphology of the Niphal Perfect • The Perfect of the Niphal for the regular verb is: just remember 3ms = נִשְׁמַר • 1CS נִשְׁמַרְתִּי I was guarded 1CP נִשְׁמַרְנוּ we were guarded • 2MS נִשְׁמַרְתָּ you (m) 2MP נִשְׁמַרְתֶּם you (mp) • 2FS נִשְׁמַרְתְּ you (f) 2FP נִשְׁמַרְתֶּןyou (fp) • 3MS נִשְׁמַר he was guarded 3CP נִשְׁמְרוּ they were guarded • 3FS נִשְׁמְרָה she was guarded

  31. 15 C. The morphology of the Niphal Perfect • The pronominal endings are added normally with the vocalic endings (ָה and וּ) causing the vowel under the second consonant to drop to a ševā’ as they did in the Qal otherwise the simple ševā’ is used to tack on the normal perfect suffixes (תִּי, תָּ, תְּ, נוּ, תֶּם, תֶּן). • The נִ on the front clearly will identify the form as a Niphal perfect verb.

  32. Examples: • וּבְנָבִיא נִשְׁמָר (Hos 12:14) • and by a prophet he was guarded • אֶת־חֲסִידָיו לְעוֹלָם נִשְׁמָרוּ (Psa 37:28) his faithful ones forever will be guarded

  33. 15. D. Weak Verb Perfect Niphals • PēYôd verbs: יָשַׁב • For the PēYôd verbs one must remember that they originally were built from an initial vāv where the yôd now sits. • Instead of the Niphal starting with aנִ a נוֹ will be tacked on the front. Other than that it is pretty straight forward. Here is the Niphal of יָשַׁב (to sit, dwell) becomes נוֹשַׁב.

  34. PēYôd verbs: יָשַׁב • 1CS נוֹשַׁ֫בְתִּי I was seated 1CP נוֺשַׁ֫בְנוּ we were seated • 2MS נוֹשַׁבְתָּ you (ms) 2MP נוֹשַׁבְתֶּם you (mp) • 2FS נוֹשַׁבְתְּ you (fs) 2FP נוֹשַׁבְתֶּן you (fp) • 3MS נוֹשַׁב he was seated 3CP נוֹשְׁבוּ they were seated • 3FS נוֹשְׁבָה she was seated

  35. Example: • (Jer 22:6)אֲשִׁיתְךָ מִדְבָּר עָרִים לֹא נוֹשָֽׁבוּ • I will make you a desert, they will be uninhabited cities

  36. PēNûn Verbs:נָגַשׁ • When you add theנִonto the front of a PēNûn verb the nûn of the root assimilates into the second consonant of the verb doubling that second consonant with a doubling dagesh forte.

  37. PēNûn Verbs: נָגַשׁ • 1CS נִגַּ֫שְׁתִּיI drew near 1CP נִגַּשְׁנוּwe drew near • 2MS נִגַּ֫שְׁתָּ you (ms) 2MP נִגַּשְׁתֶּםyou (mp) • 2FS נִגַּשְׁתְּ you (fs) 2FP נִגַּשְׁתֶּןyou (fp) • 3MS נִגַּשׁhe drew near 3CP נִגַּשְׁוּthey drew near • 3FS נִגְּשָׁהshe drew near

  38. Example of נָתַן • כִּי־כֻלָּם נִתְּנוּ לַמָּוֶת אֶל־אֶרֶץ תַּחְתִּית (Eze 31:14) for all of them will be given over to death unto the earth below

  39. Pē Guttural: עָמַד • The נִ prefix shift toנֶ is the easy distinguishing mark of all of these. The ševā’ under the initial guttural shifts to a ḥatēf-seghôl (עֱ). When the vocalic sufformatives are added the ḥatēf-seghôl under the guttural becomes a seghôl.

  40. Pē Guttural: עָמַד • 1CS נֶעֱמַ֫דְתִּי I was stood 1CP נֶעֱמַ֫דְנוּ we were stood • 2MS נֶעֱמַ֫דְְתָּyou (ms) 2MP נֶעֱמַ֫דְתֶּם you (mp) • 2FS נֶעֱמַדְתְּ you (fs) 2FP נֶעֱמַ֫דְתֶּן you (fp) • 3MS נֶעֱמַדhe was stood 3CP נֶעֶמְדוּ they were stood • 3FS נֶעֶמַדָה she was stood

  41. LāmedHēVerbs: בָּנָה • When you add theנִonto the front of a LāmedHē verb it is normal. It is the final Hē where the action takes place. When the consonantal endings are added the Hē shifts toֵיand totally drops out when the vocalic 3cp sufformative is added and a media ת is added for the 3fs.

  42. LāmedHēVerbs: בָּנָה • 1CS נִבְנֵ֫יתִיI was built 1CP נִבְנֵ֫ינוּ we were built • 2MS נִבְנֵ֫יתָ you (ms) 2MP נִבְנֵיתֶּם you (mp) • 2FS נִבְנֵיתְ you (fs) 2FP נִבְנֵיתֶּן you (fp) • 3MS נִבְנָהhe was built 3CP נִבְנוּthey were built • 3FS נִבְנתָהshe was built

  43. ’ĀlefHē Verbs: מָצָא • 1CS נִמְצֵאתִי I was found 1CP נִמְצֵאנוּ we were found • 2MS נִמְצֵאתָ you (ms) 2MP נִמְצֵאתֶּם you (mp) • 2FS נִמְצֵאתְ you (fs) 2FP נִמְצֵאתֶּן you (fp) • 3MS נִמְצָאhe was found 3CP נִמְצְאוּthey were found • 3FS נִמְצְאָהshe was found

  44. 15 D. The morphology of the Niphal Imperfect • 1CS אֶשָּׁמֵרI will be kept 1CP נִשָּׁמֵרwe will be kept • 2MS תִּשָּׁמֵר you (ms) 2MP תִּשָּׁמְּרוּ you (mp) • 2FS תִּשָּֽׁמְרִי you (fs) 2FP תִּשָּׁמַרְנָה you (fp) • 3MS יִשָּׁמֵרhe will be kept 3MP יִשָּׁמְרוּ they (m) will be kept • 3FS תִּשָּׁמֵרshe will be kept 3FP תִּשָּׁמַרְנָה they (f) will be kept

  45. 15 D. The morphology of the Niphal Imperfect • Note that the prefixes are added with a ḥîreq except for the 1CS which utilizes a seghôl. • The nûn assimilate causing the initial consonant to double as is expected. The vowel under the second consonant is usually a ṣerê dropping to a ševā’ when a vocalic ending is added and a pataḥ when the consonantal נָה is added in the 2FP and 3FP.

  46. Example: • וּבְכֹל אֲשֶׁר־אָמַרְתִּי אֲלֵיכֶם תִּשָּׁמֵרוּ (Exod 23:13) • And all that I have said to you keep yourself

  47. 15. PēYôd verbs: יָשַׁב • 1CS אִוָּשֵׁבI will be seated 1CP נִוָּשֵׁב we will be seated • 2MS תִּוָּשֵׁבyou (ms) 2MP תִּוָּשֵׁבוּ you (mp) • 2FS תִּוָּשֵׁבִיyou (fs) 2FP תִּוָּשַׁבְנָה you (fp) • 3MS תִּוָּשֵׁבhe will be seated 3MP יִוָּשֵׁבוּ they (m) • 3FS יִוָּשֵׁבshe will be seated 3FP תִּוָּשַׁבְנָה they (f) will be seated

  48. PēNûn Verbs:נָגַשׁ • 1CS אֶנָּגֵשׁI will draw near 1CP נִנָּגֵשׁwe will draw near • 2MS תִּנָּגֵשׁyou (ms) 2MP תִּנָּגְשׁוּ you (mp) • 2FS תִּנָּגֵשִׁיyou (fs) 2FP תִּנָּגַשְׁנָה you (fp) • 3MS יִנָּגֵשׁhe will draw near 3MP יִנָּגַשוּ they (m) • 3FS תִּנָּגֵשׁshe will draw near 3FP תִּנָּגַשְׁנָה they (f) will draw near

  49. Pē Guttural: עָמַד • 1CS אֵעָמֵדI will be stood 1CP נֵעָמֵד we will be stood • 2MS תֵּעָמֵדyou (ms) 2MP תֵּעָֽמְדוּ you (mp) • 2FS תֵּעָֽמְדִיyou (fs) 2FP תֵּעָמַ֫דְנָה you (fp) • 3MS יֵעָמֵדhe will be stood 3MP יֵעָֽמְדוּ they (m) • 3FS תֵּעָמֵדshe will be stood 3FP תֵּעָמַ֫דְנָה they (f) will be stood

  50. LāmedHēVerbs: בָּנָה • 1CS אֶבָּנֶהI will be built 1CP נִבָּנֶה we will be built • 2MS תִּבָּנֶהyou (ms) 2MP תִּבָּנוּ you (mp) • 2FS תִּבָּנִיyou (fs) 2FP תִּבָּנֶ֫ינָה you (fp) • 3MS יִבָּנֶהhe will be built 3MP יִבָּנוּ they (mp) • 3FS תִּבָּנֶהshe will be built 3FP תִּבָּנֶ֫ינָה they (f) will be built

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