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Respiratory System

Learn about the different components of the respiratory system and their functions in the process of gas exchange between the atmosphere and body cells. Explore the upper and lower respiratory tract, the role of the lungs, and the mechanics of breathing.

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Respiratory System

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  1. Respiratory System Chapter 16

  2. Components • Tubes that filter incoming air • Air transported to alveoli (gas exchange)

  3. respiration • Respiration: process of gas exchange between atmosphere and body cells • Consists of • Ventilation • Gas exchange between blood and lungs • Gas transport in the bloodstream • Gas exchange between the blood and body cells • Cellular respiration

  4. organs • Upper Respiratory Tract (nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, and pharynx) • Lower Respiratory Tract (larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs)

  5. Front alsinus Nasal cavity Soft palate Hard palate Pharynx Nostril Epiglottis Oral cavity Esophagus Larynx Trachea Bronchus Right lung Left lung

  6. nose • Supported by bone and cartilage • Provides an entrance for air • Nostril hair filters air

  7. Nasal cavity • Posterior to nose • Cavity has passageways • Lined with mucous membranes and help increase the surface area available to warm and filter incoming air • Particles in air can get trapped in mucus…. • What will flush the mucus out? • Where will mucus go?

  8. Sinuses • Air filled spaces in skull • Open to nasal cavity • Lined with mucus • Function: lighten skull; resonates voice

  9. pharynx • Food and air pass through • Helps produce speech sounds

  10. Superior Middle Nasal conchae Frontal sinus Inferior Sphenoidal sinus Nostril Pharyngeal tonsil Hard palate Nasopharynx Opening of auditory tube Uvula Palatine tonsil Tongue Oropharynx Lingual tonsil Epiglottis Hyoid bone Laryngopharynx Larynx Esophagus Trachea

  11. larynx • Between pharynx and trachea • Functions: • Prevents particles from entering trachea • Holds vocal cords

  12. Epiglottic cartilage Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea Hyoid bone Epiglottic cartilage Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage Trachea

  13. Vocal cords • Two pairs • Changing tension controls pitch • Changing force of air controls loudness

  14. Epiglottis • Flap that covers trachea during swallowing

  15. trachea • Anterior to esophagus…..why? • Extends into thoracic cavity • Separates into right and left bronchi • Inner wall lined with cilia and mucus……why? • 20 cartilaginous rings

  16. Bronchial tree • Branched tubes leading from trachea to alveoli • Starts with two main bronchi (right and left….each leads to a lung) • Bronchi lead to bronchioles

  17. alveoli • Bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts, which lead to alveolar sacs, then end in alveoli • Gas exchange between blood and air

  18. Larynx Trachea Right superior (upper) lobe Left superior (upper) lobe Right main (primary) bronchus Lobar (secondary) bronchus Segmental (tertiary) bronchus Terminal bronchiole Right inferior (lower) lobe Left inferior (lower) lobe Right middle lobe Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolus

  19. Pulmonary venule Blood flow Intralobular bronchiole Pulmonary arteriole Blood flow Smooth muscle Alveolus Pulmonary artery Capillary network on surface of alveolus Pulmonary vein Terminal bronchiole Respiratory bronchiole Alveolar duct Alveolar sac Alveoli

  20. lungs • Right and left • Right has 3 lobes, left has 2 lobes • Separated by mediastinum • Enclosed by diaphragm and thoracic cage (ribs) • Bronchus and blood vessels enter each lung

  21. Plane of section Heart Visceral pleura Pericardial cavity Parietal pleura Pericardium Right pleural cavity Left pleural cavity Pleura

  22. Breathing mechanism • Ventilation • Composed of two parts: inspiration and exhalation

  23. Inspiration • Flow of air into lungs • Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract • The size of the thoracic cavity increases • Increase in volume of cavity = decrease in pressure so air flows from high to low pressure

  24. exhalation • Air leaving lungs • Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity • As muscles relax, air is pushed out of lungs

  25. Intra-alveolar pressure (760 mm Hg) Intra-alveolar pressure (758 mm Hg) Diaphragm

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