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Welcome In The World Of

Welcome In The World Of. ‘C’. TEXT BOOK: Programming in ANCI ‘C By: E Balagurusamy. TMH Reference Books : 1) The ‘C Programming Language By: Kernighan and Ritchie. PHI Second Edition. 2) Let Us ‘C

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Welcome In The World Of

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  1. Welcome In The World Of ‘C’

  2. TEXT BOOK: • Programming in ANCI ‘C • By: E Balagurusamy. TMH • Reference Books: • 1) The ‘C Programming Language • By: Kernighan and Ritchie. PHI • Second Edition. • 2) Let Us ‘C • By: Yashwant Kanitkar

  3. TeachingScheme • During a week • 3 Lectures + 1 Tutorial • 1 Practical/Laboratory of two hour. • Marks system: • Theory External Exam 60 • Practical Exam / Viva 50 • Internal (Avg. of 3 exams) 36 • Attendance 4 • Total 150

  4. Importance of Subject • ‘C is the base language of any • other programming language. • To be a Good Programmer one • must know fundamentals of C • programming language.

  5. History of ‘C’ • Root of the morden language is • ALGOL 1960. It’s first • computer language to use a block • structure. • It gave concept of structured • programming. • In 1967, Martin Richards developed • a language, BCPL (Basic Combined • Programming Language)

  6. In 1970,by Ken Thompson created a language • called as ‘B’. • It used to create early version of Unix. • In 1972,by Dennis Ritchie introduced new • language called as ‘C’ .

  7. 1972 Traditional C Dennis Ritchie 1978 K&R C Kernighan &Ritchie 1989 ANSI C ANSI Committee 1990 ANSI/ISO C ISO Committee

  8. Features Of ‘C’ • It is a robust language. • Programs written in ‘C’ are efficient and fast. • (Because of variety of data types and powerful • operators) • Highly Portable. (related to OS) • Well suited for structured programming. • Ability to extend itself.

  9. Program & Programming Language Program:- A Set of instructions which When carried out by processor for some Specific input, generates specific output. Programming language:- A specific manner of writing a program with some Predefined rules, symbols & their use as a part of language. i.e. Pascal, C, C++, VC++, JAVA, VB.

  10. Basic structure of ‘C’ • Documentation Section :- • It has set of comment lines(name of program, author details). • What is Comment line?? • To guide a programmer. To write a note for • function,operation,logic in between a program. • Non-executable statement. • Can’t be nested. • e.g:- /* Hello /* abc */ Hi */ • ERROR.

  11. Link Section :- • It provides instructions to the compiler to link • function from the system library. • # include Directive:- • To access the functions which are stored in the • library, it is necessary to tell the compiler , • about the file to be accessed. • Syntax:- • #include<stdio.h> • stdio.h is header file.

  12. It defines all symbolic constants. #define instuction defines value to a symbolic constant. #define:- It is a preprocessor compiler directive, not a statement. Therefore it should not end with a semicolon. Generally written in uppercase. DefinitionSection

  13. Some variables that are used in more than on function, such variables (global variables) declared in the global declaration section. It also declares all the user-defined function. Global DeclarationSection

  14. Every ‘C’ program must have one main() function section. It contains two parts Declaration part: It declares all variables used in the executable part. Executable part: It has atleast one statement. Main() function section:

  15. main( ) = main (void) No arguments Explicitly indicate no arguments

  16. Documentation section Link Section Definition Section Global Declaration Section main() function section { Declaration part Executable part } Subprogram section Function1 Function2 … user defined function

  17. There are two ways to run programs written in a high-level language. The most common is to compile the program The other method is to pass the program through an interpreter. How to run a program?

  18. Compiler Why compiler is require ? As machine (a processor) can operate On binary code instruction only….. If we use higher level language then … For execution of the program we must Convert it to lower level / machine level Code.

  19. Means, A program that translates source code into object code. The compiler derives its name from the way it works, looking at the entire piece of source code and collecting and reorganizing the instructions. Interpreter: which analyzes and executes each line of source code without looking at the entire program.

  20. Advantage of interpreter: It can execute a program immediately. Compilers require some time before an executable program emerges. But, However, programs produced by compilers run much faster than the same programs executed by an interpreter.

  21. C Compiler - checks for syntax errors if any - on success coverts ‘C source code into object code form – which is nearer to machine…

  22. Linker: A linker is a program that combines object modules to form an executable program.

  23. Types of languages (I)Lower level languages:- Languages which are very near to machine…. I.e. machine language, Assembly language. (II) Higher level languages:- Languages which are very near to programmer rather than to machine…. I.e. C++,Visual C++,Visual basic,Java.

  24. BlockDiagram: Represents only -> what should be the input? -> what will be the output? - One need not to worry about how the result generated…. - or what will be the logic for the program?

  25. Block Diagram for making addition of two numbers : Output Input No1. & No2. PROGRAM No1 + No2

  26. Algorithm Specifies steps of doing the things Irrespective of any programming language Example: Addition of two numbers Step 1: [Read two numbers] Read(no1) Read(no2) Step 2:[add two numbers into sum] summation = no1 + no2 Step 3:[Display the result] write (summation)

  27. Flowchart Represents the flow of program Symbols:- Start-Begin/End Input/Output Rectangle Process box/operation box Decision Box Connector

  28. Flowchart-example Example: To add two numbers and display the result. Start Read No1 and No2 from user SUMMATION = NO1 + NO2 Write Summation on monitor End

  29. Files:- storage of logically related data Directory:- Placeholder which can store files and subdirectories within them. File Extension:- special postfix attached to each file which indicates type of the file. Files ,directory, file extension

  30. /* print hello*/ #include<stdio.h> /* link section*/ void main() /* execution of program*/ { print(“hello world”); /*executable statement*/ } Sample C program:-

  31. I.e. “hello.c”, here “hello” is filename and “c” is file extension which indicates that hello is a ‘c program.

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